The Molecule's Job
The foremost job of DNA is to do this with genetic information so that traits like eye color or blood type can be passed on.
What is storing information?
DNA is made of these repeating subunits (sugar, phosphate, and a base).
What are nucleotides?
These two scientists built the famous 3D model of the double-helix structure.
Who are Watson and Crick?
During this phase of the cell cycle, DNA is duplicated.
What is S phase?
This mutation occurs when a single extra base is added into the sequence.
What is an insertion?
Before a cell divides, it must perform this specific task to ensure every new cell has a complete set of genes.
What is copying (or replicating) information?
This 5-carbon sugar is a key component of every DNA nucleotide.
What is deoxyribose?
This rule states that in any DNA sample, A=T and C=G.
What is Chargaff’s Rule?
This enzyme is responsible for joining nucleotides together and proofreading.
What is DNA polymerase?
This mutation occurs when a single base is removed from the sequence.
What is a deletion?
This process involves taking the code found in DNA and putting it to work to build the proteins that determine an organism's characteristics.
What is gene expression?
These two components join together to form the "sides" of the DNA ladder.
What are sugar and phosphate?
This scientist used X-ray diffraction to take "Photo 51," proving DNA was a helix.
Who is Rosalind Franklin?
DNA replication is called this because each new molecule has one original and one new strand.
What is semi-conservative?
Insertions and deletions are called this because they change the "reading frame."
What is a frameshift mutation?
DNA must hold the instructions that allow a single cell to develop into a complex organism, such as a dog or a sea urchin, a role known as controlling this.
What is development?
These four specific nitrogenous bases represent the "alphabet" of the genetic code.
What are A, T, C, and G?
The Nobel Prize for DNA's structure was awarded to Watson, Crick, and this associate of Franklin.
Who is Maurice Wilkins?
These relatively weak chemical forces hold the two strands of DNA together.
What are hydrogen bonds?
The genetic code is read this many bases at a time (forming a codon).
What is three?
To identify a species using "DNA barcoding," scientists often look for specific patterns in this, which represents the molecule's role in providing a unique "ID."
What is the genetic code (or DNA sequence)?
Because the two strands of the double helix run in opposite directions, they are called this.
What is antiparallel?
If a DNA sample is 30% Adenine, this is the percentage of Guanine present.
What is 20%?
If an original DNA strand has the sequence TACGTT, this is the complementary sequence produced.
What is ATGCAA?
Frameshift mutations can change this many amino acids following the point of mutation.
What is every amino acid?