Transciption
The process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA, is called what?
Transcription
What is used to bring amino acids?
tRNA
What is the structure of DNA?
Bonus point: Who was one of the scientists that helped discovered this?
Double helix
Rosalind Franklin, Watson & Crick
What is the Griffith experiment and what did they discover?
Injected bacteria into mice. The mice died when the dead S bacteria and the live R bacteria were both injected, meaning that transformation occurred (genetic material can be transferred, didn't know what the genetic material was).
What is DNA Replication's full name?
Semiconservative DNA replication
What are the products of transcription?
mRNA (will accept RNA)
What is a 3-base sequence of mRNA called?
A codon
What are the four bases found in DNA nucleotides and how do they pair up?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
A-T, C-G
What is the Avery experiment and what did they discover?
They injected bacteria into mice, but this time destroyed a molecule in the bacteria. When they destroyed DNA, transformation did not occur and the mouse lived, meaning that DNA was the genetic material that was transformed.
What does semiconservative mean?
Half kept: There is one strand that is old, one strand that is new
Where is the site of transcription?
The nucleus
What is the site of translation?
On ribosomes
What type of biomolecule are DNA and RNA?
Nucleic acids
What was the Hershey-Chase experiment and what did they help conclude?
They used bacteriophages (viruses) and radioactively labeled either proteins or DNA. They looked to see which one entered the cell. They saw that DNA entered the cell, concluding once and for all that DNA is the genetic material.
What are the molecules that help with DNA replication and what do they do?
Helicase: separates the strands of DNA
DNA Polymerase: adds complementary bases and proofreads
What are the three main differences between RNA and DNA?
RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, it contains the sugar ribose, it is single stranded.
Translate this mRNA sequence:
AUG CCA UCG AUU UAA
MET PRO SER ILE STOP
Why is DNA unique?
Every individual has regions of DNA that have unique patterns or sequences.
How did they identify the Golden State Killer? Why can we use that to identify an individual?
They identified the Golden State Killer using DNA (specifically his relative's, then tracking him to match up his DNA to the DNA left at the crime scene).
We can use DNA to identify an individual because it is in all living cells, replicates accurately, and contains regions that have unique patterns or sequences to an individual.
Add complementary bases to this strand of DNA: (11 letters)
CGTAATACGCG
GCATTATGCGC
What is the enzyme involved in transcription and what does it do?
RNA Polymerase, it binds to DNA, separates the DNA strands and adds the complementary strand
Transcribe AND translate this sequence:
TAC TGC ACT
mRNA (after transcription): AUG ACG UGA
amino acids (after translation): MET THR Stop
What rule was created that helped determine which bases are complementary to each other?
Chargaff's Rule
Why is the Belgian Blue Cow double muscled?
There is a mutation in DNA that results in a change in mRNA. This results in an early stop codon, meaning that the myostatin protein that is produced is incomplete. This protein controls for muscle formation, so since this protein does not function fully, muscle formation in the Belgian Blue Cow is uncontrolled.
Why does complementary base pairing making DNA replication possible?
Each strand can be used to construct the opposite strand