DNA, Genes, Chromosomes
What macromolecule holds genetic material?
Nucleic acids / DNA
What is the shape of DNA called?
Double helix
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is DNA replication?
The process of making an identical copy of DNA.
Why did we use strawberries in the DNA extraction lab?
Strawberries have a lot of DNA because they are octoploid.
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that has instructions to code for a protein.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
What would be the RNA strand for this DNA template?
T A C G C T
A U G C G A
Where does DNA replication happen?
In the nucleus
What does octoploid mean?
It means strawberries have eight sets of chromosomes.
What is a chromosome?
A tightly coiled strand of DNA.
What two parts make up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and phosphate
What sugar is found in DNA and RNA?
DNA = Deoxyribose
RNA = Ribose
When does DNA replication happen in the cell cycle?
During S phase of interphase
What did the strawberry DNA look like after extraction?
White, stringy strands in the alcohol layer.
Which statement is the most accurate?
A. DNA is found on genes.
B. Genes are found on DNA.
C. Chromosomes are found on genes.
D. Genes are not related to DNA.
B. Genes are found on DNA
What type of bonds hold the nitrogen bases together in the middle of DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
Which nitrogen base is found in RNA instead of thymine?
Uracil
Put the basic steps of DNA replication in order:
A. Two identical DNA molecules are formed.
B. DNA unzips.
C. New complementary bases are added.
B, C, A
What was the purpose of soap/detergent and salt in the DNA extraction buffer?
Soap = breaks down the cell membrane of the cell
Salt = breaks down the protein that hold DNA
Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.
DNA = genetic instructions
Genes = Traits (sections of DNA)
chromosomes = long strands of DNA that are tightly coiled
Which bonds are weak, and which bonds are strong in DNA? Why is that important?
Hydrogen bond = weak
Covalent Bond = Strong
DNA needs to unzip during replication, but the backbone needs to stay strong.
Give two differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA is double stranded and uses thymine.
RNA is single stranded and uses uracil.
DNA has deoxyribose sugar, while RNA has ribose sugar.
What does semi-conservative replication mean?
Each new DNA molecule has one old/original strand and one new strand.
What was the purpose of cold alcohol/ethanol in the DNA extraction lab?
It caused the DNA to come out (precipitate) of the strawberry mixture, so we could see it in the alcohol layer.