Intro
what is genetics?
the science that studies how characteristics are passed from parent to offspring
what is a gene?
the basic unit of heredity; a section of DNA that contains the code to produce a protein or a portion of a protein, thereby causing a trait
describe transcription
here's a DNA strand, what is the mRNA strand?
AAGCCTGCTA
DNA becomes RNA, specifically mRNA
A=U, T=A, C=G, G=C
UUCGGACGAU
what is mitosis? what are the stages of mitosis?
a process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells
somatic cell reproduction
PMAT
What is meiosis? what are the stages?
the process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (haploid, n)
gamete cell reproduction
PMAT1 and PMAT2
what are genetic factors?
the general guideline of traits determined by a person’s DNA
describe a chromosome, and what it is made out of (be very specific)
the condensed threads of chromatin (DNA coiled around and supported by proteins/histones = nucleosomes) found in the nucleus of the cell
what are introns and exons? what happens to them?
Introns: do not contain instructions for proteins
Exons: do contain instructions for proteins
RNA splicing: cutting out the introns
what happens during prophase?
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Spindle fibers form
Centromeres move apart
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
what is a karyotype?
the figure produced when the chromosomes of a species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous parts
a figure showing metaphase chromosomes arranged by homologous pairs
what are environmental factors?
those “nonbiological” factors that are involved in a person’s surroundings such as the nature of the person’s parents, the person’s friends, and the person’s behavioral choices. They also include things like exposure to chemicals, molds, extreme weather conditions, and allergies
at what stage does DNA replicate? (G1, S, G2, mitosis/meiosis)
S
describe translation
RNA to protein
tRNA with amino acids attached comes and reads the RNA in codons (3 bases)
the correct amino acids join to form a protein
what happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes align at center
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
Ensuring even distribution
Checkpoint for accuracy
Preparation for division
what are diploid and haploid cells? what are their numbers?
Diploid cell: a cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs or 2 sets of chromosomes (in somatic) - it has 2 sets of chromosmes
Haploid cell: a cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair or half the total number of chromosomes (in gametes) - it has one set of chromosomes
Diploid number (2n): the total # of chromosomes in a diploid cell
Haploid number (n): the # of homologous pairs in a diploid cell
what are spiritual factors?
the factors in a person’s life that are determined by the quality of his or her relationship with God
describe how DNA replicates
helicase unzips the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase gets free-floating nucleotides and matches them to the correct base pairs
what is a codon? what does it do?
a 3 base sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
it codes for a start, stop, or amino acid
what happens during anaphase?
Chromatids separate
Chromatids move to opposite poles
Cell elongation
Formation of 2 identical sets
what's the main difference between mitosis PMAT and meiosis PMAT?
crossing over that occurs during P1
what are the parts of the cell cycle? can you describe what happens during them?
G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (growth), mitosis/meiosis (cell reproduction)
G1, S, and G2 are called interphase
what is DNA made out of?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases
what is the central dogma?
DNA --> RNA --> protein
what happens during telophase and cytokinesis?
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense
Nuclear envelope reforms
Spindle fibers disappear
2 nuclei form
Cytokinesis
Division of the cell cytoplasm
Formation of 2 daughter cells
Completion of cell division
a single diploid cell goes through meiosis. only one useful gamete is produced. did this meiosis take place in a male or female?
female; out of the 4 eggs produced, only one is viable, the rest are called polar bodies