DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

Replication

100

The process by which two identical copies of DNA are created for usage within the nucleus

What is DNA replication?

200

An action vital for the process of replication in which 4 bases (A,T,G,& C) pair up respectively, so as to allow for the precise replication of each base sequence, which can then be used for future DNA strands (due to DNA replication's semi-conservative nature.)

What is complimentary base pairing?

300

The enzymes: DNA helicase= unwinds and separates the DNA double helix DNA polymerase= "links the phosphates of the newest nucleotide to the sugar of the nucleotide before it, through a covalent bond"

What are the enzymes vital for the process of DNA replication?

400

Simply, DNA is the recipe used to create an organism and thereby it is of utmost necessity that each strand (double helix in this case) is successfully replicated so as to construct and create an exact organism

What is the importance of DNA and its replication?

500

1) The double helix that is the DNA is "unwound and separated by the specific enzyme helicase (DNA helicase,) thereby each singular strand can now serve as a template for newer strands (semi-conservative nature) 2) Free nucleotides within the cell then bond (hydrogen bonds) to their respective complimentary bases within the template (AT//GC) 3) And finally through the enzyme, DNA polymerase, "the phosphate of the newest nucleotide is linked to the sugar of the nucleotide before it by a covalent bond" and the "new DNA strand rewinds to form a double helix"

What is the "process of DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by the formation of the new complimentary strands by DNA polymerase?"

Transcription

100

The process by which DNA creates RNA for exportation and usage outside of the cell

What is transcription?

200

The site on which the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA

What is the promoter?

300

Codons are three bases in which "each sequence of three, stands for one amino acid." These codons are of utmost necessity as later, they aid the cell produce amino acid due to their positioning amongst the mRNA, whence exported to the ribosomal site during transcription

What is the importance of codons in transcription?

400

"Long chains of amino acids with 20 different variations, which must always be precise to create a specific version of itself" and are essentialy the core of protein creation

What is a polypeptide chain?

500

1) "The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a site called the promoter on the DNA 2) The DNA to be transcribed is separated by the polymerase in the region of the specific gene to be transcribed 3) From there, the RNA nucleotides pair with their respective complimentary bases on one strand of the DNA only. However, as there is no thymine within the RNA, the base uracil instead pairs with adenine in its complimentary base pairing. 4) From there, the RNA polymerase forms covalent bonds between the respective nucleotides and the RNA separates from the DNA into a separate strand from the DNA, whilst the initial double helix reforms.

What are the stages (process) of transcription?

Translation

100

The ribosome, thus the reason as to why the organelle is often simply called "the site of protein synthesis"

What is the site of translation?

200

The process by which the "base sequence in mRNA is used as a template for assembling the specific sequence of amino acids that will be a polypeptide" and thereby the crux of protein synthesis.

What is translation?

300

The stop codons determine the extent to how much binding occurs or simply the length of the chains in regards to the creation of polypeptides.

What is the significance of stop codons?

400

The specific RNA used to transport and carry the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for the process of protein synthesis

What is tRNA?

500

1) Occurring in the ribosome, an mRNA strand binds to the ribosomal site, where present tRNA molecules, each carrying the specific amino acid corresponding to its anti-codon, bind to the ribosome, where the respective anti-codon matches with the appropriate codon on the mRNA strand 2) The tRNA molecules bind and the first pair transfers the growing polypeptide chain to the following tRNA molecule (as only two may be present within the binding site at a time) 3) The mRNA strand continues to move along the ribosome and the process continues until a stop codon is reached and promptly the complete polypeptide chain is released.

What are the stages (process) of translation?

Vocabulary

100

Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid

What is the meaning of DNA and RNA?

200

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U)

What is the name of the four (five) bases used in replication, transcription, and translation?

300

The ability for the specific genetic code to operate or function the exact same way in any organism, evidenced by the fact that genes can be transferred between living organisms.

What is the significance of a code being universal?

400

The ability that different codons can still code for the same amino acid, thereby reducing the impact of mutations within protein synthesis

What is the significance of a code being degenerate?

500

The "translation dictionary that enables the cellular machinery to convert the base sequence on the mRNA into an amino acid sequence"

What is the genetic code?

Surprise!

100

DNA replication= DNA creating identical copies of itself Transcription= DNA creating RNA for exportation and usage asides from in the cell Translation= Usage of mRNA for protein synthesis

What is the difference between replication, transcription, and translation?

200

DNA: 1) contains two strands which form a double helix 2) bases used are AT//GC RNA: 1) composed of a single strand 2) bases used are AU//GC

What are the difference between DNA and RNA?

300

"Each molecule formed by replication consists of one new and one old strand taken from the parent DNA molecule thereby creating a new DNA molecule complimentary to the template of the one in which it was made from."

What is the meaning of DNA being semi-conservative?

400

A phosphate group is covalently bonded to a pentose sugar, which is in turn attached to a nitrogen containing base that are bonded to other nitrogen containing bases (AT//GC) through hydrogen bonds in an anti-parallel manner to form the double helix.

What is the structure of DNA and its double helix?

500

"A polypeptide is formed by amino acids linking together through peptide bonds. Genes store the information required for making polypeptides. The information is stored in a coded form by the use of triplets of bases that form codons. The sequence of bases in a gene codes for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. The information in the genes is decoded during transcription and translation leading to specific protein synthesis."

What is the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide?