DNA Structure
DNA is made of how many nucleotide strands?
two nucleotide strands
How many hydrogen bonds are between each of the bases?
A and T are bonded with two hydrogen bonds
C and G are bonded with three hydrogen bonds
The monomers of proteins are?
amino acids
What is transcription?
DNA to RNA
What carries amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA. they carry or transfer the amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
What makes up a DNA nucleotide?
5-Carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the four nitrogenous bases
DNA replication is considered to be _________ because of the origin of each of the strands the newly replicated DNA.
DNA replication is considered to be SEMICONSERVATIVE because of the origin of each of the strands in the newly replicated DNA. One strand is newly synthesized from DNA polymerase and one is the old template strand.
What is a change in the original DNA nucleotide sequence called?
a mutation
What does DNA have to be transcribed into ?
into mRNA (messenger RNA)
What is the ribosome? What is it made of?
organelle that functions in protein synthesis, made of rRNA
What are the four bases in DNA?
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T)
What is the first step of DNA replication begin with? What is the enzyme?
What is a change in one nucleotide in the original DNA molecule?
a point mutation
What RNA and DNA have different sugars. What are they?
DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose
What are the three types of RNA that participate in translation?
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
What is Chargaff's Rule?
A binds with T
C binds with G
What is the second step in DNA replication? What is the enzyme in this step?
DNA polymerase will form new strands based on the old template strands by adding complementary nucleotides.
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA to RNA to Protein
What are the differences in DNA and RNA in their nitrogenous bases and structure?
DNA has Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. RNA has Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.
DNA is a double stranded helix. RNA is single stranded.
What is a codon?
set of three nucleotides on the mRNA that code for a specific amino acid
What are the bonds that hold DNA strands together?
Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds (covalent bonds) in the backbone.
The complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.
What is the origin of each of the strands in a newly replicated DNA molecule?
One is newly formed from free nucleotides by DNA polymerase. One is the 'old' template strand of DNA.
What is a frameshift mutation?
a change in the reading frame on the mRNA that results in a change in the amino acid sequence
What does mRNA do? Why do we need this step?
mRNA carries the genetic message from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm because DNA outside of the nucleus is destroyed
What are the three sites on the Ribosome?
A-site= amino acid site where tRNA's are added
P-site= polypeptide side where the amino acids are linked
E-site= where the empty tRNA's are before the exit the ribosome