Structure
sections of DNA that serve as the blueprint/instructions for making proteins
genes
1.Enzyme _______ unzips the DNA into two strands.
Helicase
–Needs ONE RNA primer made by Primase
–This is made continuously
Leading strand
___________= a chain of amino acids; can bind to others and fold into a protein
Polypeptide
______: a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA
_______: “complementary” 3 nucleotides on tRNA
codon
anti- codon
______ ___________ form the backbone of the DNA molecule
sugar phosphate backbone”
___ _______ only adds nucleotides to the free 3’ end of the template strand. This forms new DNA strands in the 5’ to 3’ direction ONLY.
DNA Polymerase
NEW strand synthesis away from replication fork
Replicates discontinuously
Needs MANY RNA primers made by Primase
Lagging strand
Remember, proteins are the most diverse macro-molecule, and have 4 levels of structure! What are they?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
•_________: binds and carries specific amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA (transfer)
•Purines (small word, big base)
•Pyrimidines (big word, small base)
What are these structures?
–Adenine
–Guanine
–Cytosine
–Thymine
–Required for DNA synthesis
–Like a “key” for a car ignition
–Makes short RNA primers
Primase
Many of these are created when replication occurs in opposite direction of Helicase, they are bordered by several RNA primers added by DNA primase
Okazaki Fragments
•__________: copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
mRNA (messenger)
–mRNA has introns (non-coding regions) and exons (coding regions)
–This process removes introns and splices exons together.
RNA splicing
–1st strand runs in a 5’à 3’ direction and the 2nd 3’à 5’ direction
Antiparallel
–“Seals” the gaps in DNA
–Connects DNA pieces by making phosphodiester bonds
DNA ligase
3.Two identical DNA molecules are formed, each with an “old” strand and a “new” strand. We call this ____________ ___________.
Semi-Conservative Replication
Sequence the mRNA and Amino Acid to THIS DNA code
3’ TACGCTAGTACGATT 5’
5’ AUGCGAUCAUGCUAA 3’
met- arg- ser- cys- stop
________: interpreting the RNA message into a polypeptide to make a protein.
Translation
•________ end is always the 5’ end
–(think: “fa” sound)
•______ ______ is always the 3’ end
Phosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
–Adds nucleotides to RNA primer à makes polynucleotides (1st function)
–After all nucleotides are added to compliment strand RNA primer is removed and replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase (2nd function)
–Proofreads the strand before the backbone is finished (3rd function)
DNA polymerase
•The newly synthesized double helix is a combination of one “___” and one “____” DNA strand.
old, new
original, complementary
1.___ _______ binds to the DNA promoter where transcription is to begin and unzips the gene that needs to be copied.
2.uses complementary base-pairing rules to match RNA nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides.
RNA Polymerase
Give brief explanation to EPA sites
Give an analogy
1.tRNAs act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acids that match with each codon.
2.tRNAs continue to drop off a.a., and the ribosome binds the a.a. together with peptide bonds.
3.When the “stop codon” is reached, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide chain.
airplane landing, processing passengers, take off