DNA and RNA structure
Is DNA or RNA double stranded?
DNA is double stranded.
What phase of the cell cycle does replication occur?
S phase of interphase
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus
Where does translation occur?
The ribosomes.
What is a DNA mutation?
A change to a base in a DNA sequence that can result in phenotypic changes, no change, or harmful changes.
What is biotech?
When we combine biology and technology to make improvements in all types of fields of science.
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar and a phosphate
Why is DNA considered semiconservative?
What is the end goal of transcription?
A mRNA strand
What is the end goal of translation?
To create a strand of amino acids which create a polypeptide chain which create proteins. This is the last step of protein synthesis.
What are the 3 types of point mutations?
Substitution: when one base is swapped for another
Insertion: when an extra base is added
Deletion: when one base is removed
What are the parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate, sugar, and base
What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases and unzips the strand?
Helicase
What enzyme adds the bases in transcription?
RNA polymerase
What does tRNA do in translation?
tRNA reads the mRNA 3 bases at a time to get the correct amino acid.
What is a missense mutation?
When a mutation causes the amino acids to change. For example: originally you had lysine and now you have histidine. This can result in a new or different protein.
What is the base pair rule?
In DNA C-G and A-T
In RNA A-U and C-G
What enzyme adds the bases back on?
DNA polymerase
What base changes with transcription?
All adenines are paired with uracil instead of thymine.
What is a codon and where do the codons come from?
Codons are how the tRNA reads the bases (3 at a time) and it comes from reading the mRNA
What is a silent mutation?
When the mutation ends up coding for the same amino acids as the original strand. For example lysine can be AAA or AAG.
What is a result of over producing plants and agriculture that are filled with chemicals and GMO's?
What is the job of DNA and what is the job of RNA?
DNA stores genetic information and RNA creates proteins in protein synthesis.
What ends up glues everything together?
Ligase.
True or False: tRNA is involved in transcription.
False
Which RNA is involved in translation?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
All of them!
What is a nonsense mutation?
When a premature stop happens, resulting in a non functional protein.
Very dangerous!
What are some ethical concerns regarding biotechnology?
Biotechnology is usually considered a positive thing, however there can be ethical concerns such as GMOs being dangerous, designer babies, cloning, etc.
What does DNA and RNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
What direction are bases added in and which direction do the strands run?
Bases are added in a 5' to 3' direction and the strands run antiparallel to each other. That is why we have a leading and lagging strand.
Provide a brief description of the whole process of transcription.
First, DNA is opened up and mRNA comes in to the nucleus. Then RNA polymerase copies down the bases using the base pair rule. Once transcribed, the DNA closes back up and the mRNA will leave the nucleus.
What is the importance of the AUG codon?
It is the start codon! All mRNA strands have a start and stop codon.
What causes a frameshift mutation?
When a deletion or a insertion shifts the entire strand over resulting in amino acids the entire way down.
Very detrimental!