DNA Structure
What are the four nucleotides in DNA and how do they connect with each other?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Adenine -> Thymine and Cytosine-> Guanine
What are the steps involved in DNA replication?
The breaking of hydrogen bonds, unwinding of the double helix, and the creation of a new strand using the old strand as a template
What is transcription?
The process of DNA being copied to mRNA
What is translation?
It is when RNA is used to make proteins and when mRNA directs protein synthesis with tRNA
What was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell using nuclear transfer?
A sheep
What three components are in DNA?
Phosphate, deoxyribose, and nitrogen
What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication?
Helicase, Polymerase, and Ligase
What does transcription produce?
mRNA
What does translation produce?
It produces proteins
What is therapeutic cloning?
The creation of an embryo to supply embryonic stem cells
What is deoxyribose a modified form of?
Ribose
What are the functions of the enzymes in DNA replication?
Helicase-Unwinds the double helix
Polymerase-Synthesizes a new strand of DNA
Ligase-Helps join the two strands of DNA
How many steps are there in transcription?
Two steps
What is a codon?
A three-base stretch of mRNA
What are embryonic stem cells used for?
Medical uses
What repeated pattern is the backbone of DNA based on?
A repeated pattern of a sugar group and a phosphate group
What is a primer? What does it do?
A primer is a strand of RNA and it acts as a template for the starting point of DNA replication
How many strands of DNA are transcribed?
Only one strand of DNA
What does a codon do?
It contains information for a specific amino acid and codons interact with anticodons of specific tRNA molecules
What is nuclear transfer?
When you remove the nucleus of a egg cell and replace it with the nucleus of a specialized cell from the same type of creature
A sugar molecule in place of the -OH group on the 5' carbon
Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?
It makes 1 new strand and uses the original strand to make a new DNA molecule
What strand is transcribed and what strand is mRNA a copy of?
The strand transcribed is the antisense strand
The strand mRNA is a copy of is the sense strand
What does each amino acid have?
Its own special tRNA
What is cloning?
Cloning is when life is created through non-reproductive means