Structure and Function of DNA
One DNA strand has a base sequence GTCCA. The base sequence on the second strand of DNA is...
CAGGT
What does the word "replicate" mean? During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
Copy
S-phase, interphase
A single stranded piece of a DNA has the following bases: ACTG. What is the matching sequence on its RNA transcript?
UGAC
This process turns mRNA into a protein.
Translation.
What is a mutation?
Any change to an organism's DNA/genome.
What do we call the building blocks of DNA? What are its 3 parts?
Nucleotide: phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), base (A, C, T, or G).
What is the end product of DNA replication (be very specific!)
Two new molecules of DNA, identical to each other and to the original molecule.
Transcription: What does is make? What enzyme makes the product? Where does it take place?
RNA. RNA polymerase. Nucleus.
What cell organelle makes protein?
Ribosome
Name 2 environmental factors can cause a mutation.
Environmental factors: chemicals, radiation, sun, food, & viruses
Describe the function/purpose of DNA in organisms. What is a gene?
A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a specific protein.
Name the enzyme involved in mRNA synthesis.
RNA polymerase: makes mRNA by adding complementary bases to the other side of the DNA strands.
Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?
DNA is too long to exit through the nuclear pores.
It is safe in the nucleus
What is an anti-codon?
A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that matches to a specific mRNA codon.
Give an example of harmful mutations harmful that leads to disorder/disease.
Sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome.
These two men are credited with figuring out the shape & structure of DNA.
James Watson and Francis Crick
Why does DNA need to be copied during the interphase?
So that when the cell divides, each new cell has a complete set of DNA.
Name the two different types of RNA and describe the function of each of them.
mRNA: delivers a copy version of a DNA gene from the nucleus to the ribosome. tRNA: transfers the amino acids to the ribosome.
A ribosome makes a protein containing 60 amino acids. The corresponding mRNA consists of at least how many codons?
60
Give one example of a harmful mutation.
Harmful example: sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, & cancer.
If in a sample of DNA, 40% of the bases are adenine. What percentage of bases are guanine?
10%
What does the DNA stand for?
Deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid
Name 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, double-stranded.
RNA: ribose, uracil, single-stranded.
What are the monomers/building blocks of protein called?
Amino acids
Give one example of harmless mutation.
Blue eyes, blond hair.