Structure and Function of DNA
DNA Replication
RNA and Transcription
Protein Synthesis
Mutations
100
One DNA strand has a base sequence GTCCATA. The base sequence on the second strand of DNA is...
CAGGTAT
100

What is the first step of DNA replication

Unzip DNA (with helicase)

100
A single stranded piece of a DNA has the following bases: ACTGAG. What is the matching sequence on its RNA transcript?
UGACUC
100
This process turns mRNA into a protein.
Translation.
100
What is a mutation? Name 2 environmental factors can cause a mutation.
Any change to an organism's DNA/genome. Environmental factors: chemicals, radiation, sun, food, & viruses
200

What do we call the monomers of DNA? What are its 3 parts? 

Nucleotide: phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose), base (A, C, T, or G)

200
What is the end product of DNA replication (be very specific!)
Two new molecules of DNA, each is identical to each other and to the original molecule.
200

Transcription: What does is make? Where does it take place?

mRNA. Nucleus.

200
What cell organelle makes protein? What are the monomers of protein called?
Ribosome / amino acids
200

An example of a gene or protein that stops tumors from forming

TP53 (gene)

p53 (protein)

300

 What is a gene?

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that acts as a recipe for a specific protein.

300

Name the two enzymes involved in DNA replication and describe their function.

RNA Primase:
Adds RNA primers

Helicase: unzips/unwinds the DNA helix by breaking the bonds between the bases. 

DNA polymerase: makes DNA by adding complementary bases to the other side of each of the original strands.

Exonuclease: removes primers

Ligase: glues together okasaki fragments

topoisomerase: holds open replication fork (histones also help)

300
Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?
DNA is too long/bulky to exit through the nuclear pores.
300
What is an anti-codon? What is its purpose?
A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that matches to a specific mRNA codon. When a tRNA finds a matching mRNA codon (with the ribosomes help), it drops off the attached amino acid to be used in protein.
300

Original statement:

The dog was fat

Mutated statement:

The dog was

What type of mutation is this?

Nonsense mutation

400

2 roles of DNA

blueprint for proteins and store genetic information (replicate for new cells)

400
Why does DNA need to be copied?
So that when the cell divides, each new cell has a complete set of DNA.
400
Name the three different types of RNA and describe the function of each of them.
mRNA: delivers a copy version of a DNA gene from the nucleus to the ribosome. tRNA: transfers the amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA: part of the ribosome.
400

A ribosome makes a protein containing 60 amino acids. The corresponding mRNA consists of how many nucleotides?

180
400

A mutation where the wrong nucleotide is copied while making mRNA, but the protein still turns out fine.

Silent mutation

500
In a sample of DNA, 40% of the bases are adenine. What percentage of bases are guanine?
10%
500
Why is DNA replication called a "semi-conservative" process?
DNA replication is "semi-conservative" because each new molecule of DNA has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand (it is half conserved, or half saved)
500

Name 4 differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, long, double-stranded, made by DNA replication. RNA: ribose, uracil, short, single-stranded, made by transcription.

500
1) The bonds that the ribosomes use to hold amino acids together during protein synthesis are called… 2) This is what we call a chain of amino acids (a protein before it gets its shape)
Peptide bonds. Polypeptide.
500

A gene that is mutated and will result in cells that reproduce uncontrollably and do not have contact inhibition

oncogene

M
e
n
u