Structure and Function of DNA
DNA Replication
RNA and Transcription
Protein Synthesis
Mutations
100
One DNA strand has a base sequence GTCCATA. The base sequence on the second strand of DNA is...
CAGGTAT
100

What does the word "replicate" mean? When does this HAVE to occur?

To make a copy of something. It happens BEFORE cell division

100
A single stranded piece of a DNA has the following bases: ACTGAG. What is the matching sequence on its RNA transcript?
UGACUC
100

This process turns mRNA into a protein. Where does it occur?

Translation. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

100
What is a mutation? Name 2 environmental factors can cause a mutation.
Any change to an organism's DNA/genome. Environmental factors: chemicals, radiation, sun, food, & viruses
200

List the structures that make up your DNA.

A sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate backbone plus a base (A, C, T, or G). 

200

What is the end product of DNA replication (be very specific!)

Two new molecules of DNA, each is identical to each other and to the original molecule.

200

What sugar helps to make up the backbone of RNA?

Ribose

200
What cell organelle makes protein? What are the monomers of protein called?
Ribosome / amino acids
200
What is a frameshift mutation?
This type of mutation occurs when bases are inserted or deletedm, causing ALL the codons from the point of mutation forward to change, thus change causing all the amino acids to change.
300

What is a gene?

A gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that acts as a recipe for a specific protein.

300

Name two of the enzymes involved in DNA replication and describe their function.

Helicase: unzips/unwinds the DNA helix by breaking the bonds between the bases. 

Primase: prepares the section of DNA for copying

DNA polymerase: makes DNA by adding complementary bases to the other side of each of the original strands.

Ligase: glues the bases together


300
Where does transcription occur?

In the nucleus!

300

What is the purpose of an anticodon?

A 3 nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that matches to a specific mRNA codon. When a tRNA finds a matching mRNA codon (with the ribosomes help), it drops off the attached amino acid to be used in protein.

300

Are all mutations harmful? If not, give a counter example.

Helpful mutations: having ONE sickle cell gene makes you immune to the parasite that causes malaria. Neutral mutations: blue eyes

400

These two men are credited with figuring out the shape & structure of DNA. 

 Bonus points if you can name the female scientist or the gentleman who stole Photo 51.

James Watson and Francis Crick 

Bonus points: Rosalind Franklin or Maurice Wilkins

400
Why does DNA need to be copied?
So that when the cell divides, each new cell has a complete set of DNA.
400

Name two of the three different types of RNA and describe the function of each of them.

mRNA: delivers a copy version of a DNA gene from the nucleus to the ribosome. 

tRNA: transfers the amino acids to the ribosome. rRNA: part of the ribosome.

400

A ribosome makes a protein containing 15 amino acids. The corresponding mRNA consists of at least how many codons?

15
400

Give one example of a harmful mutation.

Sickle Cell Anemia, Hemophilia, & Cancer.

500
In a sample of DNA, 40% of the bases are adenine. What percentage of bases are guanine?
10%
500
Why is DNA replication called a "semi-conservative" process?
DNA replication is "semi-conservative" because each new molecule of DNA has one original strand and one newly synthesized strand (it is half conserved, or half saved)
500

Name 4 differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, double-stranded, made by DNA replication. RNA: ribose, uracil, single-stranded, made by transcription.

500

What are the bonds that the ribosomes use to hold amino acids together during protein synthesis called?

Peptide bonds

500

Give an example of a chromosomal mutation. 

Alterations to a piece of a chromosome or a whole chromosome [e.g., Down syndrome (3 chromosome #21)]

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