Locations
Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell? AND, where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?
eukaryotic - nucleus
prokaryotic - free-floating inside the cell
Between mRNA and tRNA, which has codons and which has anticodons?
mRNA has codons, tRNA has anticodons
True or false:
Any given human chromosome might contain hundreds to thousands of genes.
True
Name one factor that could cause protein denaturation
Heat, salt, freeze/thaw, etc
What is the name of the sugar group in DNA nucleotides?
Deoxyribose
Where in a eukaryotic cell does transcription happen?
The nucleus
Describe how RNA Polymerase works.
It uses the DNA as a template and makes a complementary strand of mRNA to copy those instructions
How many chromosome pairs does a human have?
23 pairs, so 46 chromosomes total
Define polypeptide
Polypeptide = another name for protein
Do introductions start with broad info and end with specific; OR start with specific info and end with broad?
Intros start broad --> specific
Discussions start specific --> broad
Where in a eukaryotic cell are tRNAs located?
The cytosol/cytoplasm
Should you look at mRNA or tRNA sequences to figure out which amino acids are encoded?
mRNA
Name 3 similarities or differences between RNA and DNA
- DNA is double stranded, RNA single
- DNA uses T, RNA uses U
- They use different sugar groups
- DNA is more stable
- Both are made from nucleotides that have sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base groups
Give any specific (& true) example of one protein and its function
~any true answer~
Which of these can you get from a karyotype? Choose all true answers
a) Whether it was performed in a diploid or haploid cell
b) Whether there will be a frameshift mutation in a certain gene
c) Whether a person is homozygous or heterozygous for a certain gene
only A (whether performed in diploid/haploid cell)
Where in a eukaryotic cell are mRNAs located?
BOTH the nucleus (made) and cytoplasm (used)
Does the following describe genotype or phenotype:
For the blood type gene, I have one "A" allele from my mom, and one "O" allele from my dad
Genotype
A gene for red-green color blindness is located on the X chromosome. The gene encodes a certain type of "opsin" protein. You can have a normal copy of this gene or a mutated copy of this gene.
What is/are the allele/s in this question?
The normal copy and the mutated copy
Imagine a missense mutation occurs in a gene that helps determine mouse eye color.
What is one potential way the phenotype could be impacted by this mutation?
The DNA sequence encoding instructions for ATP synthase undergoes a mutation in which one nucleotide is changed to another.
Name the 3 potential affects that this could have on the ATP synthase protein made from this DNA.
- Silent (protein is unchanged)
- Missense (protein is same length but one amino acid different)
- Nonsense (protein is shorter than normal)
Where in a eukaryotic cell is RNA Polymerase located?
The nucleus
If an antibacterial drug slowed down RNA polymerase in bacteria, would there be any impact on translation? If yes, what is it?
Yes - translation comes after transcription, so translation would also be slowed down
Histone proteins, which help coil the DNA into chromosomes
A certain protein with 5 subunits is heated until it denatures. Name all levels of structure that will be impacted.
Secondary, tertiary, quaternary
(In humans) Describe why a frameshift mutation in a haploid cell might be more detrimental than the same mutation in a diploid cell.
Haploid cell = only one copy of each gene, so no "backup", and can potentially be passed on if it joins into a gamete!