DNA and RNA structure
Protein synthesis
Vocabulary
Replication
Mutations
100
What are the four bases of DNA?
How do they pair up
G,C,A,T
G-C and A-T
100
What does synthesis mean?
to make or build
100
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
100
In replication, what does helicase do?
Splits the two DNA strands so the bases are exposed
100
What is word for something that can increase your risk of mutations happening to you?
mutagen
200
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
-Phosphate group
-Sugar
-Base
200
What is the first step of protein synthesis? What is created?
Transcription
mRNA is created
200
What Is a section of DNA that contains instructions for a specific protein/trait?
gene
200
In DNA replication What does DNA polymerase do?
it adds bases/nucleotides to build new strands of DNA off the code of the template strand.
200
What is a gene mutation in which one base is swapped with another?
Substitution
300
What are two differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
DNA is larger (more nucleotides), RNA smaller (less)
DNA uses ATCG, RNA uses AUCG
300
What is the second step of protein synthesis? What is created?
Translation
proteins are created
300
The building blocks that chain together to form proteins are.....?
Amino acids
300
Why must cells replicate DNA?
Cells must replicated DNA so they can divide and make new cells for:
1) growth
2) repair
300
What is mutation causes ONE different amino acid in a polypeptide chain to be produced.
Missense mutation
400
The two strands of DNA go in opposite directions, one in 5' to 3' and one in 3' to 5'.
What is the term for this that we learned in our DNA structure lab?
Antiparallel
400
Why is mRNA so important for the process of transcription to be able to happen?
mRNA is small enough to leave the nucleus so it is the only way to get the DNA instructions for a protein or trait out of the nucleus to the ribosome so proteins can be made.
it is an ESSENTIAL messenger
400
A group of 3 RNA bases that tells the cell which amino acid to add when making protein is called...?
Codon
400
What gets put down to LOCK the DNA open so it does not snap shut after it is unzipped?
Single stranded binding proteins
400
What two GENE mutations cause the most problems by shifting how all codons are read after the change?
Insertion and deletion
* they cause frameshifts
500
Explain why being double stranded helps DNA carry out its job as the body's instructions.
Being double stranded allows DNA to allow for the base pair rule to occur and for DNA replication to make two new double stranded molecules effectively. This way the DNA can be copied with accuracy while conserving the original instructions.
500
How is mRNA and tRNA different? What are their roles in transcription and translation?
mRNA: copies the DNA code for a protein during transription and brings that to the ribosome to be read
tRNA reads the code and matches the codons to it's anticodon and brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome so the protein can be made during translation
500
A mutation causes by an insertion or deletion that changes how the DNA is read by shifting everything over.
Frameshift mutation
500
Replication is semi-conservative. What does this mean?
This means when the new DNA is made, it has one old conserved strand and one newly made strand
500
Explain the process of how a mutation in DNA can affect a protein.
DNA is the instructions for proteins and our cells/bodies, if the DNA has a mutation - it will be carried through to the protein.
During transcription: the DNA error will be copied to mRNA
During translation: That incorrect mRNA will be translated and give the wrong codes for the wrong amino acids
This causes the wrong proteins to be produced or proteins that are an incorrect shape.