Enzymes
This enzyme is responsible for unwinding and separating the two strands of a DNA molecule
What is DNA helicase?
Cells cannot make new DNA without _____________
What are 'proteins/replication enzymes?'
Genetic code can only be 'read' in this direction
What is 3' --> 5'?
DNA polymerase can only add new bases in this direction
What is 5' --> 3'?
The directionality of DNA is called this
What is 'antiparallel?'
This enzyme is responsible for laying down short segments of RNA along the DNA template strands
What is primase?
These are molecules act as chemical signals to tell the next enzyme where to start building new DNA
What are RNA primers?
During DNA replication, this strand is built continuously in the direction of unwinding
What is the leading strand?
This is what happens if an organism stops expressing its genes
What is 'the organism will die?'
In biology, molecules that end in '-ase' are almost always __________ and molecules ending in '-ose' are typically ______________
What is '1) enzymes (proteins) and 2) sugars (carbohydrates)?'
This enzyme is responsible for adding new DNA base pairs and creating new strands of DNA
What is DNA polymerase?
In order to speed up the process of DNA replication, hundreds of these structures open up along the DNA
What are replication forks?
This enzyme is responsible for removing all RNA primers from the newly-synthesized DNA
What is exonuclease?
This is why semiconservative replication is beneficial
What is 'because this method of copying DNA reduces the chances of losing any information and also helps maintain the structural integrity of the DNA molecule?'
In your own words, explain what the terms '3' and 5'' mean
What is '3' refers to a three-carbon group hanging off the last sugar group on one end of a DNA strand; 5' refers to a five-carbon group hanging off the opposite end of the same strand of DNA?'
This enzyme is responsible for scanning both new strands of DNA and sealing all the fragments of DNA together
What is ligase?
These are short fragments of DNA synthesized in the opposite direction of unwinding
What are Okazaki fragments?
DNA replication is described as this:
What is 'semi conservative?'
These are the two major reasons why DNA Replication must occur in opposite directions
What is 1) because DNA is antiparallel and 2) DNA polymerase can only move in one direction?
This is why scientists believe genetic code is redundant
What is 'by having many ways to say the same thing, we reduce the chances of making a mistake or a miscommunication?'
In your own words, explain the difference between primase and primers
What is 'primase is the enzyme (protein) that creates the primers; primers are small sections of RNA (nucleic acid) that are created at the start of DNA replication?'
List the five major facts about genetic code as discussed in class
What is 'genetic code is 1) universal, 2) directional, 3) redundant, 4) lacks punctuation, 5) made up of codon 'words' that code for amino acids?'
DNA replication is described as 'semi conservative' because:
What is 'because each new molecule of DNA contains one conserved, parent strand and one newly-created strand?'
Briefly explain the significance of Mendel's work for the future of heredity and genetics
What is 'without any modern technology or lab equipment, Mendel was able to prove that traits were passed on from parents to offspring in predictable, mathematical patterns?'
DNA replication occurs at approximately this rate and in humans, this many individual nucleotides must be created during this process
What is 1) 1,000 nucleotides per second and 2) 3 billion individual nucleotides must be created/synthesized?