DNA Structure
The name for the monomer of nucleic acids
What is a nucleotide?
The enzyme that catalyses DNA replication.
What is DNA polymerase?
This molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
They have no effect on the phenotype
Why are silent mutations called that?
Used for forensic applications
DNA profiling
These three components make up a single DNA nucleotide.
A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA replication is considered "semi conservative"
What term describes how each synthesised strand contains one original parent strand and one new synthesised strand?
Transcription and translation.
What is the name of the process where DNA is used to form mRNA and mRNA is used to synthesise proteins?
They cause the change of an amino acid in the sequence
What is the effect of a missense mutation?
Used by Rosalind Franklin to create her photo of DNA
X-ray crystallography
The difference between a purine and a pyrimidine
Purines have double ring structure and pyrimidines have single ring structure
The specific phase of the cell cycle where replication occurs and why it must happen before mitosis.
What is interphase? It ensures that both daughter cells receive a full, identical set of genetic information.
The reason multiple codons code for the same amino acid.
How does translation ensure that one change in base does not cause harmful mutations?
A nonsense mutation
What is the name of a mutation that causes a premature stop codon?
The type of RNA found in ribosomes
What is rRNA?
The 4 Nitrogenous Bases found in DNA
What are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine?
The bonds between complementary bases and why they are weak.
WEAK Hydrogen bonds makes DNA replication possible/easy as less energy is needed to separate DNA strands
Three consecutive bases in DNA, mRNA, and tRNA that code for an amino acid.
What is a base triplet, codon, and anticodon?
Why mutations are not always bad
They create variation which allows for various traits that may be favourable (natural selection).
The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic species
Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and prokaryotes do not
The bonds found between 1) complementary bases and 2) between adjacent nucleotides
What are hydrogen bonds and phosphodiester bonds?
Mechanism of how enzymes replicate DNA
DNA polymerase takes free nucleotides from nucleoplasm and binds them to complementary base on template strand.
It takes place after the tRNA brings the amino acid to the ribosome.
When do the amino acids attached to one tRNA molecule bind to the adjacent tRNA molecule to form a peptide bond?
They are caused by insertions and eletions
What causes a frameshift mutation where the frame in which the DNA is read shifts?
The difference between RNA and DNA (x2)
short vs long; single vs double stranded; short vs long lifespan; uracil vs thymine