MUTATIONS
What is a Substitution Mutation
A type of genetic change where a single nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.
How do mutations show up in a Punnett square?
They appear as a new allele
What is the shape of a DNA
Double Helix is the shape
What are the primary purposes of each process?
Mitosis is used for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. Meiosis is strictly used for sexual reproduction to produce sperm and egg cells.
What are Non-Mendel Traits?
Non-Mendelian traits are genetic characteristics that do not follow Gregor Mendel's traditional laws of complete dominance and single-gene segregation.
What happens in an insertion mutation?
An extra DNA letter is added into the sequence.
Can a Punnett square predict if a new mutation will happen?
No. Punnett squares only track existing genes passed down from parents.
What does DNA stand for?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
If a human cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have?
46 chromosomes
What is incomplete dominance and what is an example?
Incomplete dominance happens when neither allele is completely dominant.
What happens in a deletion mutation?
One DNA letter is removed or missing from the sequence.
What happens to the Punnett square if a mutation makes an allele lethal
It changes the final ratios of the living offspring.
What are the four chemical bases in DNA?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
If a human cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes do the daughter cells have?
23 chromosomes
What is codominance?
Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully and separately expressed at the same time.
What is a frameshift mutation?
An insertion or deletion that shifts how the entire genetic code is read
What does a Punnett square actually show?
A Punnett square shows the probabilities and possible genetic outcomes.
What is a nucleotide?
A nucleotide is the fundamental building block of DNA.
Where do mitosis and meiosis occur in the human body?
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells throughout the entire body while Meiosis occurs exclusively in the germ cells of the gonads
How do multiple alleles work in human blood types?
When a single gene has three or more alternative versions within a population.
What is an inversion mutation?
A piece of a chromosome breaks off, flips upside down, and reattaches.
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype in a Punnett square problem?
Genotype is the specific combination of alleles while Phenotype is the physical trait or appearance that results from those genes.
Where is DNA stored inside a cell?
DNA is located inside the cell nucleus.
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid somatic and meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid gametes.
What are polygenic traits?
Polygenic inheritance involves a single trait controlled by two or more genes working together.