DNA/RNA Structure
What are the 3 components that make up a molecule of DNA?
Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in?
S phase
Where does transcription occur in?
The nucleus
Where specifically does translation occur?
Ribosomes
What type of bond holds together the amino acids of a protein?
Peptide bond
What is the name of the protein structure that DNA coils around to consolidate and become more compactly stored?
Histone
What direction does DNA polymerase move in?
5' to 3'
True or False: RNA polymerase has proofreading abilities.
False.
What is the start codon on mRNA?
AUG
How is the 5' end versus the 3' end determined on a DNA strand?
The number of carbons determines the 5' and 3' ends in a DNA nucleotide. The 5' end has the phosphate sticking up.
What type of bonds connect the backbone of the DNA?
Covalent bonds
How is DNA synthesized on the lagging strand? (Use specific vocab)
Discontinuously in Okazaki fragments
P site
What supplies DNA helicase with the energy to break hydrogen bonds between base pairs?
ATP hydrolysis
How many hydrogen bonds hold together cytosine and guanine?
3
What enzyme is responsible for providing the DNA with stability and preventing it from supercoiling?
Topoisomerase
The following DNA molecule is transcribed into mRNA: ACGTACC
What is the mRNA transcript?
UGCAUGG
What is a charged tRNA?
A tRNA with an amino acid attached
What happens to telomeres as we age?
They shorten until they become too short and the chromosome can no longer be replicated
What is the difference between the structure of a purine and pyrimidine?
Purines have two rings in their nitrogenous bases and pyrimidines have three rings in their nitrogenous bases.
What term describes the nature of DNA replication using a parent strand to synthesize a new DNA strand?
Semi-conservative replication
Why is it necessary for DNA to be transcribed into mRNA?
DNA is fragile and should not leave the protection of the nucleus
What is the name of the three nucleotide sequence called that is complementary to the codon?
Anticodon
What is responsible for the immortality of cancer cells and their ability to keep replicating themselves?
Telomerase