Structure of DNA
What are the three parts that make up DNA?
phosphate group ---- deoxyribose ---- nucleotide
How is RNA structure different from DNA?
RNA is a single strand structure. RNA has the sugar ribose not deoxyribose. Also, in RNA thymine is substituted for uracil.
What is translation?
This is when DNA is copied into mRNA
What basically happens in protein synthesis?
mRNA making amino acids with create polypeptide chains that make proteins
a change in one or more genes caused by internal and external factors
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
(C)ytosine - (G)uanine
What are the base pairing rules in RNA?
(A)denine - (U)racil
(C)ytosine - (G)uanine
Where does translation take place?
In the nucleus
What are the start and stop codons?
Start: AUG
Stop: UGA, UAG, UAA
What are the three point mutations?
substitution, insertion, deletion
What is the way DNA is structured called?
double helix
What is the main function of RNA?
Transcribe the production of proteins
Translate into mRNA:
T A C G A T G T C G G G G A C A T G A
A U G C U A C A G C C C C U G U A C U
Translate & transcribe into a protein chain:
G A T C G A T A C C A T T C G G C G C A T A C T T C G
C U A G C U A U G G U A A G C C G C G U A U G A A G C
Met - Val - Ser - Arg - Val
What mutation causes one amino acid to be affected, or caused stop and start mutations?
substitution mutation
True or False: DNA is found in all living organisms
True
What are the three forms of RNA and what are their functions?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
mRNA is translated from DNA, and contains the codons needed to produce amino acids.
tRNA is a special molecule that carries the correct amino acid (using anticodons) to the growing protein
rRNA kind of just exists in the ribosomes
Where does the newly formed mRNA move to start transcription?
The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm where it goes into the ribosomes
Translate & transcribe into a protein chain:
G C A T C A T A C G A T G T C G T A C G T G A C A T T
C G U A G U A U G C U A C A G C A U G C A C U G U A A
Met - Leu - Gin - His - Ala - Leu
What two mutations can affect the entire resulting chain or cause start and stop mutations?
insertion and deletion mutations
What are purines? Pyrimidines?
Purines are double ring structures like Adenine and Guanine.
Pyrimidines are single ring structures like Thymine and Cytosine
Absolute trick question: Do all viruses carry their genetic information in RNA?
No. Although MOST viruses do.
What is transcription?
Transcription is when mRNA interacts with rRNA and tRNA to make proteins
Translate & transcribe into a peptide chain:
G A T C G A T A C C A T T C G G C G C A T A C T T C G
C U A G C U A U G G U A A G C C G C G U A U G A A G C
Met - Val - Ser - Arg - Val
What causes genetic mutations?
Internal: random mutations / mistakes that happen during translation. Could also be a genetic mutation inherited from a parents' mutated allele.
External: factors like chemical / UV exposure, and smoking.