Sports Psych
Which theory accounts for trait anxiety in determining the optimal arousal level for performance?
A. Drive Theory
B. Inverted-U Theory
C. Reversal Theory
C. Reversal Theory
Drive theory is a direct relationship between increased arousal and increased performance. The inverted-U theory takes into account the demand of the sport and considers the optimal level of arousal based on the sport complexity. Reversal theory states that the arousal and anxiety for performance depends on the individual’s interpretation of that arousal.
Which of the following statements are true?
A) Aligament connects muscle to bone,where as a tendon connects bone to bone
B) Isotonic contractions refer to to keeping constant speed during a movement
C) A muscle spindle senses muscle stretch during a movement
C) A muscle spindle senses muscle stretch during a movement
Answer: A ligament connects bone to bone whereas a tendon connects muscle to bone. Isotonic contractions refer to “iso” (same) “tonic” (tension) or keeping a constant tension as a muscle changes length. Isokinetic is when a constant speed is maintained during a contraction. A muscle spindle senses muscle stretch and results in a reflexive contraction to prevent overstretching. A golgi tendon organ senses tension in a tendon.
A cross-country runner with an RMR of 2,600 calories and a daily energy expenditure of 1,000 calories is eating 3,300 calories per day. At this rate, how long will it take him to lose 2 pounds?
A) 14days
B) 16days
C) 23 days
C) 23 days
Total daily expenditure = 2,600 calories + 1,000 calories = 3,600 calories. Daily expenditure - daily intake = deficit. 3,600 calories - 3,300 calories = 300 calorie daily deficit. To lose 2 pounds, you need a total of 3,500 calories X 2 = 7,000 calorie deficit. 7,000/300 = 23.3 days. It will take 23 days for this athlete to lose 2 pounds.
What is a first-class lever and which muscle group represents one?
A) Calves-The load is between the line of pull from the muscle and the fulcrum point. B) Biceps-The fulcrum is between the line of pull and the load
C) Triceps - The fulcrum is between the line of pull and the load
C) Triceps - The fulcrum is between the line of pull and the load
Answer: Triceps. Choice A describes a 2nd class lever. Choice B - biceps is not an anatomical example of this definition. Choice C – (Correct) The tricep muscle attaches behind the fulcrum and the load is on the opposite side of the fulcrum. This can be thought of as the motion of a seesaw.
Which of the following is the process of breaking a free fatty acid chain down into
acetyl CoA?
A: Lipolysis & Beta oxidation
B: Beta oxidation
C: Lipolysis
B. Answer: Beta Oxidation. Lipolysis is the process of breaking down a
triglyceride. (breaking the glycerol backbone off the fatty acids) Then beta
oxidation occurs to break the fatty acid chain down into 2 carbon acetyl coA
According to the Inverted-U theory, which sport is likely to have a lower arousal level at the point of optimal performance?
A. Golf
B. Javelin
C. Cross Country
A. Golf
The technical demands of golf (ex: analyzing the course, reading the green, choosing a club, etc) make the ideal performance state occur at a lower arousal level. This allows effort to be directed toward mental activities rather than achieving the highest level of physical exertion.
A thin layer of connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle is called:
A) Endomysium
B) Perimysium
C) Epimysium
C) Epimysium
Answer: The Epimysium is the layer of connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle. The perimysium surrounds one fascicle and the endomysium surrounds one individual fiber.
Which of the following is an appropriate pre-competition meal 4 hours prior to a soccer match for a 65kg midfield player?
A) 70gcarbohydrate
B) 140gcarbohydrate&15gprotein
C) 100g carbohydrate, 15g protein, 10g fat
D) 50g carbohydrate, 10g protein
B) 140g carbohydrate&15g protein
4 hours prior to competition is the earliest time to add protein. At 1-2 hours pre- competition, only carbohydrates are recommended. Fat is not recommended more than 6-8 hours pre-competition due to the longer time to digest. For the typical ~60kg athlete, roughly 35g of carbs are recommended for every hour pre- competition. Ex: 1 hour ~35g carbs, 2 hours ~70g carbs, 4 hours ~140g carbs. For this athlete, 140g carbs and 10-20g protein is an appropriate meal 4 hours prior to competition.
The Pull-up is correctly defined as:
A) Sagittal plane open chain
B) Sagittal plane closed chain
C) Frontal plane closed chain
c.
Answer: Frontal plane closed chain. The pull-up exercise involves an overhand grip on the bar leading to the primary movement: scapular upward/ downward rotation, shoulder abduction/ adduction, and elbow flexion/ extension. Similar to the shoulder press, these movements are in the frontal plane. A chin-up would involve primarily shoulder flexion/ extension and occur in the sagittal plane. During a pull-up the hands are pulling on a fixed object making this a closed chain movement.
Type 2x fibers are characterized by:
A: Few mitochondria
B: Activated fast before type 1 fibers
C: High capillary density
A.
Answer: Few Mitochondria. Type 2x muscle fibers are large in diameter,
with relatively few mitochondria and capillaries compared to type 1.
Importantly, these are NOT activated before type 1 fibers. According to the
Size Principle, all type 1s are activated, then type 2a, then type 2x. (There
may be some exceptions to this in elite power athletes, but this is the
general principle). Fast twitch means that they are the primary muscle
fibers providing force for anaerobic, power movements like sprints and
jumps, but type 1 is still recruited first
How may arousal be measured?
A. BMR,RPE,andHR
B. BP,HR,catecholaminelevels,andself-reportmeasures
C. Caffeine ingestion, HR, and RMR
B. BP,HR, catecholamine levels, and self-report measures
Arousal is a state of activation and is therefore able to be measured through vital signs including blood pressure and heart rate. These vital signs are likely to be increased in a state of arousal. Additionally, since there is no one complete way to measure this, catecholamine levels (epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine, and dopamine) may be measured. Additionally, an athlete may use a self-reported instrument to document their state of arousal. Basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate define the number of calories needed to fuel the body at rest and are not short-term determinants of arousal. Rating of perceived exertion is used to determine the physical intensity of an activity and doesn’t determine arousal. Caffeine intake may increase arousal, but it is not necessarily related to an individual’s level of arousal. Caffeine intake is not an appropriate way to measure arousal.
From the vena cava, blood enters what chamber of the heart?
A) Left Atrium
B) Right Atrium
C) Left Ventricle
B) Right Atrium
Answer: Right Atrium. Deoxygenated blood from the vena cava first enters the right atrium. It then goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle then out to the lungs. The left ventricle is the last chamber of the heart before blood is pumped out into the aorta
A strength coach notices one of her athletes is lethargic and fatigued when she arrives for her competition with her other teammates. The strength coach approaches the athlete and asks if she is feeling ok. The athlete relates that she’s been voluntarily dehydrating herself so she could make her weight class for today. What is the first thing the coach should do to assist this athlete?
A) Allow the athlete to compete as they normally would
B) Assist the athlete with rehydration & recommend a medical referral
C) Tell the athlete to go home
B) Assist the athlete with rehydration & recommend a medical referral
For athletes who compete in weight class dependent sports, voluntary dehydration is one technique some athletes and their coaches will use to cut weight quickly. However, voluntary dehydration can be potentially dangerous to athletes with outcomes such as loss of lean mass, fatigue, headache, mood swings, decreased plasma and blood volume, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. Assisting the athlete to rehydrate would be the first step the coach should take followed by recommending the athlete see a medical professional. Knowing the athlete is lethargic and fatigued it would not be appropriate to allow her to compete and sending the athlete home does not address her immediate need, which is dehydration.
Which muscle has a greater mechanical advantage? Bicep with a moment arm of resistance of 30cm moment arm of muscle 3 cm. Or triceps with moment arm of resistance of 35 cm and moment arm of muscle of 3cm?
A) Bicep
B) Tricep
C) Mechanical Advantage is equal
A.
Answer: Bicep. Mechanical advantage is defined as the moment arm of the muscle/ moment arm of the resistance. The bicep is therefore 3cm/ 30cm = 0.1. The tricep would be 3/35 = 0.086. Another way to think about it is that with the same moment arm of the muscle, it would be harder or less mechanical advantage to work against a longer resistance lever arm.
Which of the following energy systems are primarily used during a 200m Sprint?
A: Krebs cycle and lactate cycle
B: Lactate cycle and beta oxidation
C: Anaerobic glycolysis and phosphocreatine
C: Anaerobic glycolysis and phosphocreatine
Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis and Phosphocreatine cycles. Both of these
systems are anaerobic. PCr cycle works primarily in the first 10 seconds of
activity. Anaerobic glycolysis works for any duration of anaerobic activity.
When a pole vaulter participates in diaphragmatic breathing before his vault, he is doing all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Decreasingvagaltone
B. Increasing parasympathetic activity
C. Contracting his diaphragm on inhalation
A. Decreasing vagal tone
Diaphragmatic breathing increases vagal tone and parasympathetic activity. This will cause decreased heart rate and general relaxation of the body. To correctly perform diaphragmatic breathing, the abdominal musculature must be relaxed and allowed to protrude on inhalation. As the diaphragm contracts on inhalation, it depresses inferiorly, causing negative pressure in the lungs to help air enter for respiration. It relaxes and elevates on exhalation.
Air and CO2 are exchanged with the capillaries in the lungs through which respiratory system tissue?
A) Bronchi
B) Bronchiole
C) Alveoli
C) Alveoli
Answer: Alveoli. This is the smallest level of tissue in the respiratory system and the level at which gas exchange occurs. The bronchi and bronchioles are for transport not gas exchange.
A 62 kg lacrosse athlete needs an appropriate meal 4 hours before competition. Which option is BEST?
A) Chickenandricebowlwithlow-fatsauce,applesauce,whiteroll,andjuice
B) Steak,sweetpotato,asparagus,andbutteredbread
C) Oatmeal with walnuts, flax, berries, and whole milk
For a 62 kg athlete, target roughly: 1–4 g/kg carbs (~124-186g), 0.15–0.25 g/kg protein (~9–15 g protein), and minimal fat. Meal A provides: rice = primary carbs, white roll = extra carbs, applesauce + juice = low-fiber fast carbs, chicken = lean protein, and low-fat sauce = better GI tolerance. The others include: steak + butter = too much fat, walnuts/flax = too much fat + fiber, salad/dressing = fiber + fat digestion delay.
A) Chicken and rice bowl with low-fat sauce, applesauce, white roll, and juice
For a 62 kg athlete, target roughly: 1–4 g/kg carbs (~124-186g), 0.15–0.25 g/kg protein (~9–15 g protein), and minimal fat. Meal A provides: rice = primary carbs, white roll = extra carbs, applesauce + juice = low-fiber fast carbs, chicken = lean protein, and low-fat sauce = better GI tolerance. The others include: steak + butter = too much fat, walnuts/flax = too much fat + fiber, salad/dressing = fiber + fat digestion delay.
Which muscle works with the latissimus dorsi to internally rotate, adduct, and extend the humerus?
A) TeresMinor B) Supraspinatus C) Teres Major
C. Answer: Teres major. Teres major is not part of the rotator cuff. It assists the latissimus dorsi in internal rotation, adduction, and extension of the humerus. Teres minor, in contrast, externally rotates and stabilizes the humeral head.
Which of the following correctly describes the Golgi Tendon Organ? (GTO)
A: Senses tension and inhibits the agonist muscle
B: Senses stretch and activates the agonist muscle
C: Senses tension and inhibits the antagonist muscle
A. Answer: Senses tension and inhibits the agonist muscle. The GTO is
located in the tendon and senses when the tendon is stretched from
A novice weightlifter is learning how to execute the barbell clean. His coach directs him to begin by using a light PVC pipe to perform the movement. The coach has the athlete try 5 reps of just the first pull. The coach then tells the athlete to try the first pull with the transition. After this, the athlete is directed to do the first pull, transition, and second pull. What types of training does this represent?
A. Simplificationandrepetitiveparttraining
B. Simplification and observational practice
C. Random practice and fractionalization
A. Simplification and repetitive part training
Simplification is the means of making a task simpler, whether that be by changing the equipment or characteristics of the activity. In this case, the task is simplified by using a PVC pipe instead of a barbell. Also, this is repetitive part training as the athlete completes the first part of the movement on its own, then practices the first part of the movement with the second part, and then completes the first, second, and third part of the movement together.
Which of the following are NOT true regarding the structure of a sarcomere?
A) The“Hzone”consistsofmyosin
B) The“Iband”and“Hzone”shortenwithmusclecontraction
C) The A band spans the length of the myosin and shortens with muscle contraction
C) The A band spans the length of the myosin and shortens with muscle contraction
Answer: The A band spans the length of the myosin but never changes length.
A half marathon runner has consistently practiced taking in up to 60g of carbohydrate per hour during long training runs without GI distress. During competition, what is
the MOST appropriate intra-workout carbohydrate recommendation?
A) 20g/hour
B) 60g/hour
C) 120 g/hour
For endurance events, the recommended intra-workout carbohydrate intake range is: 28–144 g carbohydrate per hour. So both 60 g/hour and 120
g/hour technically fall within the acceptable range. However, the BEST answer is 60 g/hour because the athlete has successfully practiced this amount, GI tolerance has already been established, competition day is not the time to test higher intake, and increasing to 120 g/hour introduces unnecessary GI risk
especially for the relatively short duration of the event that doesn’t have a high risk of glycogen depletion.
Which of the following refers to how many motor units are involved in a muscle contraction?
A) Recruitment
B) RateCoding
C) Pennation
Answer: Recruitment refers to the number of motor units involved in a muscle contraction. The rate at which the motor units are fired is referred to as rate coding
Which of the following is the correct order for the conduction of the heart?
A: AV node – SA node – Purkinje fibers B: Purkinje fibers – SA node – AV node
C: SA node – AV node – Purkinje Fibers
C: SA node – AV node – Purkinje Fibers
Answer: SA-AV-Purkinje. SA node is the pacemaker of the heart and starts
the signal. Then that signal travels to the AV node which SLOWS it down.
The signal then goes through the Purkinje fibers around the heart to cause
the ventricles to contract.