Uptake & Distribution
This ratio (FA/FI) describes the rate at which alveolar concentration approaches inspired concentration.
What is the alveolar-to-inspired ratio?
MAC is defined as the alveolar concentration that prevents movement in this percentage of patients exposed to surgical incision.
What is 50%?
This inhaled anesthetic has the lowest blood:gas solubility, making it the fastest in onset and recovery.
What is desflurane?
All modern volatile anesthetics decrease this cardiovascular parameter by reducing myocardial contractility and systemic vascular resistance.
What is blood pressure (mean arterial pressure)?
This inhaled agent, once widely used, is associated with hepatotoxicity called “halothane hepatitis.”
What is halothane?
The speed of anesthetic induction depends primarily on this physical property of the gas.
What is blood:gas solubility?
This patient factor consistently lowers MAC.
What is advanced age?
This anesthetic is unique for being non-volatile and administered as a gas at room temperature.
What is nitrous oxide?
Volatile anesthetics depress this ventilatory reflex, making patients more prone to hypercarbia.
What is the hypoxic ventilatory drive?
This inhaled agent is sweet-smelling, non-pungent, and commonly chosen for mask induction in pediatrics.
What is sevoflurane?
The phenomenon where nitrous oxide accelerates the rise of alveolar concentration of another agent.
What is the second-gas effect?
Adding opioids or benzodiazepines to anesthesia has this effect on MAC.
What is it decreases MAC?
Fat solubility of inhaled anesthetics prolongs recovery after long cases because of uptake into this tissue group.
What is the fat compartment?
Volatile anesthetics increase cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure through this mechanism.
What is cerebral vasodilation?
This pungent agent can cause airway irritation and coughing if used for mask induction.
What is desflurane?
The concentration effect describes the increase in FA/FI with higher inspired concentrations of this anesthetic.
What is nitrous oxide?
Hyperthermia and chronic alcohol use both have this effect on MAC.
What is increase MAC?
Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane are all derived from this chemical class.
What are halogenated ethers?
All volatile anesthetics can trigger this life-threatening genetic disorder involving abnormal calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is malignant hyperthermia?
This fluorinated anesthetic was removed from the market due to nephrotoxicity from fluoride ion release.
What is methoxyflurane?
Vessel-rich tissues equilibrate with anesthetic gases first because of this physiologic factor.
What is high perfusion (blood flow)?
The MAC of nitrous oxide is approximately this value, making it impossible to achieve surgical anesthesia with N₂O alone.
What is ~105%?
This volatile anesthetic has a blood:gas solubility of ~0.6, making it intermediate in onset between isoflurane and desflurane.
What is sevoflurane?
High concentrations of nitrous oxide can cause diffusion hypoxia after discontinuation unless the patient receives this gas.
What is 100% oxygen?
Known as the “Father of Modern Anesthesia,” this American dentist first used ether in a public demonstration in 1846.
Who is William T. G. Morton?