States of Matter
Define a solid
What is...
this phase of matter holds its shape and does not take the shape of its container. The particles are in an orderly arrangement and are vibrating.
The three parts of kinetic molecular theory
What is...
1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules and ions)
2. These particles are in constant, random motion
3. These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container
The number of collisions of the molecules with their container
What is pressure?
Units for:
Temperature
Volume
Pressure
What are
Temperature: Celcius, Kelvin
Volume: Liters (any form of) cm3
Pressure: kPa, bar, atm, mmHg, torr, psi
Define Gay-Lussac's Law
What is...
the law gives the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume and amount are held constant. If the temperature of a container is increased, the pressure increases. If the temperature of a container is decreased, the pressure decreases.
Define a liquid
What is...
this state of matter has particles that slide past each other in its container and are not very orderly. They are vibrating.
Define kinetic energy and potential energy
What is...
kinetic energy is energy of motion; different states of matter have varying levels of kinetic energy; as the temperature increases, molecules move faster, leading to higher kinetic energy
potential energy is the energy that is stored within bonds; this can be released when bonds are broken or stored when bonds are created
The amount of space matter in an object occupies.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
A sample of oxygen gas collected in the lab occupies a volume of 250. mL when its pressure is 720. mmHg. What volume will the gas occupy at a pressure of 760. mmHg if the temperature is held constant?
What is 236 mL?
The difference between evaporation and boiling
What is...
Evaporation is the vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid. Occurs below the liquid's boiling point temperature
Boiling occurs throughout the liquid at a specific temperature depending on the pressure at the liquid’s surface
Define a gas
What is...
this state of matter has no visible shape and fills its container. Its molecules are not bonded, spread out, and bounce off each other and the container.
The difference between:
temperature
thermal energy
heat
What is...
Temperature: average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of all the particles in a material
Thermal Energy: total of all kinetic energy and potential energy (bonds) of all the particles in a material
Heat: The energy transferred between two materials of a different temperature
Properties of gases (6)
What are:
Expansion: gases can spread out to fit the volume of whatever container they are in.
Compression: gas particles can be forced into smaller and smaller spaces
Low density: gases are the thinnest possible form of matter and they consist mostly of empty space
Fluidity: gas particles move similarly to liquids in that they both flow. This is why both liquids and gases are called fluids
Diffusion: gases move from where there are more of them to where they are fewer of them
Effusion: gas particles can pass through tiny openings.
A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 742 mL at 35˚C. What volume will the gas occupy at 60˚C if the pressure is held constant?
What is 802 mL?
Thermal expansion and contraction are
What is...
thermal expansion:
is the increase in the size of an object when temperature is increased
contraction:
is the overall shrinking of an object due to lowering temperatures
Define plasma
What is...
this state of matter consists of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. This is done by heating a gas to high enough temperatures to ionize its atoms. This state of matter can conduct electricity and is highly responsive to magnetic fields.
Phase change of:
1. a solid changing into a liquid
2. a liquid turning into a solid
3. a liquid changing into a gas
4. a gas turning into a liquid
What is...
1. melting (heat of fusion)
2. freezing
3. boiling/vaporization (heat of vaporization)
4. condensation
Define and give the formula for Boyle's Law
What is...
according to Boyle’s Law, if you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure of the gas will increase
P1V1 = P2V2
Graph these data points and determine what law the graph represents
What is...
Boyle's Law
See attached Google Doc
What are all molecules in a constant state of
What is motion?
Fill in the particle diagram
What is...
See attached Google Doc
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Fill in the general phase changes diagram
What is...
See attached Google Doc
Define and give the formula for Charles's Law
What is...
according to Charles’ Law, the volume of gas increases with increasing temperature, as long as pressure does not change
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Graph these data points and determine what law the graph represents
What is...
Charles's Law
See attached Google Doc
Give a real-life example of liquid crystals and a real-life example of an amorphous solid and describe how both behave
What are...
Liquid crystals: calculators, LCD screens
flows like a liquid, but oriented in a similar direction like a solid
Amorphous soid: glass, plastic, rubber, gels, mayo
disordered particle structure, no definite melting point (soften over a range of temperatures)