Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy decreases pain primarily by:
A. Decreasing nerve conduction velocity
B. Increasing endorphin release
C. Increasing muscle spindle activity
D. Increasing metabolic rate
A. Decreasing nerve conduction velocity
Heat increases collagen extensibility by:
A. Decreasing circulation
B. Increasing tissue elasticity
C. Reducing metabolism
D. Stimulating inflammation
B. Increasing tissue elasticity
TENS reduces pain via:
A. Muscle contraction
B. Gate control theory
C. Tissue heating
D. Vasoconstriction
B. Gate control theory
Ultrasound heats tissue through:
A. Conversion
B. Conduction
C. Radiation
D. Convection
A. Conversion
Laser safety requires:
A. Gloves
B. Lead shielding
C. Eye protection
D. Ear protection
C. Eye protection
The hunting response refers to:
A. Immediate vasodilation after cold application
B. Alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation
C. Continuous vasoconstriction
D. Increased lymphatic drainage
B. Alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Superficial heat typically penetrates:
A. 3–5 cm
B. 1–2 cm
C. 6–8 cm
D. 10 cm
B. 1–2 cm
NMES is primarily used to:
A. Facilitate muscle contraction
B. Reduce acute bleeding
C. Increase circulation only
D. Produce analgesia
A. Facilitate muscle contraction
A frequency of 3 MHz is used for tissues approximately:
A. 5 cm deep
B. 1–2 cm deep
C. 6 cm deep
D. 8 cm deep
B. 1–2 cm deep
Shortwave diathermy heats tissue using:
A. Electromagnetic energy
B. Conduction
C. Radiation only
D. Mechanical energy
A. Electromagnetic energy
Maximum tissue cooling typically occurs:
A. Within 5 minutes
B. Immediately upon removal
C. After 60 minutes
D. Between 20–30 minutes
D. Between 20–30 minutes
Moist hot packs should generally be applied for:
A. 5 minutes
B. 10 minutes
C. 15–20 minutes
D. 40 minutes
C. 15–20 minutes
Which parameter adjustment will produce a stronger muscle contraction during NMES?
A. Decreasing pulse duration
B. Increasing pulse duration
C. Decreasing amplitude
D. Increasing frequency above 150 pps
B. Increasing pulse duration
When using ultrasound to treat a chronic Achilles tendinopathy located approximately 4 cm deep, which frequency should be selected?
A. 3 MHz
B. 5 MHz
C. 1 MHz
D. 0.5 MHz
C. 1 MHz
Pulsed shortwave diathermy is best for:
A. Chronic stiffness
B. Acute conditions
C. Muscle hypertrophy
D. Ligament ossification
B. Acute conditions
Which is a contraindication to cryotherapy?
A. Acute inflammation
B. Edema
C. Raynaud’s disease
D. Muscle spasm
C. Raynaud’s disease
Heat is contraindicated during:
A. Chronic stiffness
B. Muscle guarding
C. Decreased ROM
D. Acute inflammation
D. Acute inflammation
Electrical stimulation is contraindicated over:
A. Large muscle groups
B. Edematous tissue
C. Pacemakers
D. Chronic injuries
C. Pacemakers
Continuous ultrasound is best used for:
A. Acute inflammation
B. Open wounds
C. Hematomas
D. Chronic conditions
D. Chronic conditions
Which mode of shortwave diathermy produces the greatest thermal effect?
A. Pulsed mode at low average power
B. Continuous mode
C. Low-frequency pulsed mode
D. Capacitive plates spaced widely apart
B. Continuous mode
Cold decreases secondary hypoxic injury primarily by:
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation
C. Increased metabolism
D. Increased oxygen demand
A. Vasoconstriction
A hot pack transfers heat primarily through:
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Conversion
D. Radiation
A. Conduction
Which waveform is characterized by a twin-peaked monophasic pulse?
A. Russian current
B. Interferential current
C. Microcurrent
D. High-voltage pulsed current
D. High-voltage pulsed current
The sound head must be moved during treatment to prevent:
A. Muscle spasm
B. Vasoconstriction
C. Standing waves
D. Radiation injury
C. Standing waves
Red light therapy primarily produces:
A. Deep thermal heating
B. Photochemical effects
C. Mechanical vibration
D. Electrical stimulation
B. Photochemical effects