Health Belief Model
What are the 2 categories of this theory?
Intrapersonal - often seek to influence predisposing factors
Interpersonal - deal with predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors
Describe these theories
2 different/distinct theories that when combined provides a roadmap to behavioral intention, fills some of the gaps left by the Health Belief Model, is intention not action
Describe pre-contemplation stage and some implications
Unaware of health problem, no acknowledgement, resistant to change, may be disillusioned about previous attempts to change, reasons not to change outweigh the reasons to change
Implications - increase awareness, perceived threat of disease, provide accurate and compelling info, debunk myths, acknowledge risk of behaviors
Describe this theory
An interpersonal theory
Suggests that social context is a significant contributor to behavior
Has multifactorial inputs which influence health behavior
Has multiple outputs or behavioral outcomes which lead to health positive behaviors
Define diffusion and adoption
Diffusion - a process where an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among members of a system; what, how, when, whom
Adoption - a process by which an innovation is accepted and utilized by specific people over a period of time among members of a system
What are the 3 key areas that influence the perceived threat of disease?
Individual perceptions, modifying factors (intrapersonal and external cues to action)
Compare and contrast the theory of reasoned action and planned behavior
TRA - explains components leading to behavioral intention, the gray shaded top portions of the template, takes environment into account, considers both internal and external factors
TPB - the bottom white part of the template, considers perceived behavioral control and its influence on intention
Describe the contemplation stage and some implications
Change may occur in 6 months, ambivalence about change, perceived barriers are greater than perceived benefits, substitute thinking for action
Implications - identify barriers and help problem solve, encourage cost-benefit analysis, set small incremental achievable goals, increase perception of benefits
Describe the inputs of observational learning and reciprocal determinism
Observational learning - acquisition of behaviors through observation of others' behaviors and outcomes; social contextual learning
Reciprocal determinism - dynamic interaction of the person, the behavior, and the environment
Describe the perceived attributes of innovation and type of decision
Relative advantage - the perception of the degree of usefulness of the innovation over the existing entity
Compatibility - the degree to which the innovation fits with the values, attitudes, and needs of adopters
Complexity - the degree to which the innovation is easy to understand and use
Trial-ability - the degree to which the innovation can be experimented with on a limited basis
Observability - the degree to which the innovation can be seen by others
Optional - adopters can buy in or not
Collective - consensus from the social group (bottom up)
Authority - decision made by someone in authority (top down)
What influences likelihood of action?
Perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy
Define subjective norm and attitude towards behavior
Subjective norm - external information + approval + value
Attitude toward behavior - beliefs + value
Describe the preparation stage and some implications
Getting ready to change, logistics, setting up structure for behavior to happen, change will happen in 30 days, setting specific goals, uncertain about outcomes
Implications - encourage goals setting and identify STGs that are easily achievable, work to solve barrier problems, help with infrastructure, set up to-do lists
Expectations - anticipated outcomes from the individual, social groups, and people who are important to the individual
Reinforcements - responses to person's behavior that increases and decreases likelihood of reoccurrence
Describe the nature of the social system and communication channels
Nature of social system - interconnectedness of the members, collaborative vs. competitive nature, trust element
Communication channels - formal, informal, single, multiple, verbal, written, social media, frequency
What are some recent revisions to the health belief model?
Self-efficacy contains 2 elements - competence and confidence
Give some examples of normative beliefs and how they influence motivation to comply?
Exercise guidelines from ACSM - it's a trustworthy source with high-value evidence and therefore I'd be more willing to listen to them than a Twitter post
Describe the action, maintenance and relapse stages and implications for each
Action - actively working on change
Implications - reward early goal achievement, reiterate long term outcomes, positive reinforcement, create and maintain social networks, support through role models
Maintenance - met desired outcomes and stayed successful
Implications - reward LTG achievement, periodic checks and resets, reunions, engage successful people as role models for others
Relapse - reverts back to an earlier, undesired behavior
Implications - reframe as expected and normal, identify causes of relapse, identify triggers, strategize to minimize triggers and causes (learning opportunity), set new and more realistic goals
Describe the outcomes of behavioral capability, expectancies, and self-efficacy
Behavioral capability - knowledge and skills that an individual possesses to perform a particular behavior, can include specific skill sets that are physical, cognitive, or affective
Expectancies - value placed on the desired outcome, comes from within the person
Self-efficacy - individual's confidence and competence in performing a particular behavior, coping responses (strategies or tactics that are used by a person to deal with emotional situations)
Describe change agent's efforts
Champion of the innovation who starts the process of adoption, gets people to buy into the idea, typically needs more than one person for innovation to gain momentum
As a GROUP, fill out the template for a patient who was recently diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease and is starting therapy
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What is perceived power?
How much power one has over the behavior - self-efficacy
How does this theory help program planners?
Can tailor program elements depending on the stage in which a person currently resides, each stage has unique characteristics so the program elements need to match characteristics to each stage, requires knowing your clients' stages
Describe implications for program design
Opportunities for practice of acquired skills in social contexts
Relevance of real life role models
Role playing
Gain confidence through use of newly acquired skills/knowledge (practice)
Problem solving and coping skills in contextual situations (practice)
Consider needs for skill development, environmental context, social supports, and personal change
Education to increase knowledge
Skills training
Promote mastery
What strategies can a program employ to improve diffusion and increase rate of adoption
Manipulate all of the variables