Signaling Molecules and Cell Receptors
The term used to describe communication between cells.
What is Intercellular?
Maintaining homeostasis requires coordinated communication of various systems and organs through the release of these chemical messengers, which can travel throughout the entire body.
What are hormones?
Due to this characteristic, steroid hormones easily pass through the plasma membrane of a target cell and adhere to intracellular receptors residing in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus.
What is being hydrophobic, non-polar, and/or lipid soluble?
When you are dehydrated, the posterior pituitary gland releases this polypeptide (lipid insoluble) hormone, which signals the kidneys to retain water by temporarily inserting aquaporins into the kidney tubules.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
In this type of "loop," a stimulus elicits the release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it sends a signal that stops further release of the substance. In this way, the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow range.
What is a negative feedback loop?
In chemical signaling, this term is used to describe a cell that targets a nearby cell.
What is paracrine signaling?
The three main classes of hormones, which are based on chemical structure.
What are lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide hormones?
Hormones that must bind a cell surface receptor, which results in activation of a signaling pathway that triggers intracellular activity and carries out the specific effects associated with the hormone.
What are lipid-insoluble, polar, and/or water-soluble hormones?
Aldosterone, a steroid hormone, is produced in the adrenal cortex and affects the concentrations of minerals Na+ and K+, which also affects water balance.
What is an example of a mineralocorticoid or corticosteroid?
Three mechanisms by which endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones.
What are humoral, hormonal, and neuronal stimuli?
The name of a molecule that binds another specific molecule, delivering a signal in the process.
What is a ligand?
Cholesterol, estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol.
What are some examples of lipid-derived hormones?
A structure, such as the nuclear receptor/heat shock protein complex, that acts as a transcription regulator by increasing or decreasing the synthesis of mRNA molecules of specific genes
What is the hormone-receptor complex?
During puberty, this hormone is produced by the hypothalamus, which signals the anterior pituitary gland to synthesize and release follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones, which stimulate gamete and hormone production in the gonads.
What is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
After you eat a meal, blood glucose levels rise. This sends a signal to the pancreas to release insulin, which cause cells to absorb glucose from the blood, which signals the pancreas to stop releasing insulin.
What is an example of a humoral stimulus?
What is gene expression (i.e., transcription)?
Chemical messengers with names that end in "-ine".
What are amino acid-derived hormones?
The term used to classify a "first messenger" hormone, which must bind to a cell surface receptor in order to initiate a signaling pathway that activates a secondary messenger in the cytoplasm.
What is lipid-insoluble?
This female comedian was recently diagnosed with Cushing's disease, which is caused by hypersecretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex.
Who is Amy Schumer?
The anterior pituitary releases the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T3 and T4. As blood concentrations of T3 and T4 rise, they inhibit both the pituitary and the hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop.
What is an example of a hormonal stimulus?
Most water-soluble ligands must bind to this structure.
What is the extracellular domain of cell-surface receptors?
Insulin, antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, growth hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone.
What are types of peptide hormones?
A G-protein bound to a lipid insoluble hormone activates this membrane-bound enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. cAMP, in turn, activates protein kinases, which transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule in a process called phosphorylation.
What is adenylyl cyclase?
Thyroglobulin, which is present in the follicles of the thyroid gland, is converted into two thyroid hormones with the addition of iodine. These two hormones determine the basal metabolic rate, which is the amount of calories required by the body at rest.
What are T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)?
The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to a short-term stress.
What is an example of a neuronal stimulus?