Fluid Dynamics
This type of energy exists because particles are compressed and seek equilibrium.
What is pressure (potential energy)?
Which cardiac phase immediately follows ventricular systole?
What is isovolumic relaxation?
A patient has S1, S2, and S3. Which diastolic phase produced the third sound?
What is Rapid Inflow?
Increasing preload increases these two forces.
What are inotropy and chronotropy?
A cardiac muscle cell is called this.
What is a myocyte?
Increasing a pressure gradient directly increases this property of blood flow.
What is velocity (kinetic energy)?
At End-Systole, which chamber is at its largest?
What is the left atrium?
S2 corresponds to closure of which valves?
What are the aortic and pulmonic valves?
Cardiac muscle operates at less than roughly what efficiency when wall stress is minimal?
What is 70%?
The ventricle reaches its greatest wall thickness during this point in the cardiac cycle.
What is End-Systole?
Pressure itself is best described as the relative _____ of particles.
What is proximity (how tightly packed they are)?
Which event officially ends ventricular diastole?
What is mitral valve closure (beginning of IVCT)?
Why does S3 occur shortly after S2 rather than before it?
What is because rapid ventricular filling occurs immediately after semilunar valve closure?
If ventricular end-diastolic volume increases, what happens to preload?
What is preload increases?
At End-Diastole the ventricular walls are at their _____ while chamber volume is at its _____.
What are thinnest and maximum?
The heart never creates blood flow directly. Instead, it creates this.
What is a pressure gradient?
During which phase does approximately 75% of ventricular filling occur?
What is Rapid Inflow (E-wave)?
Which heart sound is most associated with Rapid Inflow?
What is S3?
Increasing preload has what direct effect on afterload?
What is will increase afterload to a certain extent?
During IVCT and IVRT, what feature defines both phases?
What is all four valves are closed and volume does not change?
A ventricle contracts normally but no pressure gradient develops across the aortic valve. What immediately happens to forward blood flow?
What is no forward flow because blood only moves when a pressure gradient exists?
During Diastasis, why does transmitral flow slow dramatically?
What is the LA and LV pressures have nearly equalized, reducing the pressure gradient?
This heart sound begins IVCT.
What is S1?
When my preload continues to increase past optimum force, what will happen to the heart walls?
What is not be able to contract as hard because they stretched past their limit?
A student says, "The ventricle fills because the atrium pushes blood into it." Why is this incomplete?
What is most ventricular filling is passive and driven by the pressure gradient created as the ventricle relaxes; atrial contraction contributes mainly during atrial kick?