Pressure & Flow Logic
This type of energy exists when pressure differences are present but no movement has begun.
What is potential energy?
This phase begins immediately after semilunar valve closure.
What is isovolumic relaxation?
These valves are open during systolic ejection.
What are the semilunar valves?
This heart sound marks the onset of systole.
What is S1?
This volume represents blood remaining after systole.
What is end-systolic volume?
Blood flow between two chambers stops when this condition exists.
What is equal pressure between chambers?
This phase occurs when ventricular pressure is rising but volume is unchanged.
What is isovolumic contraction?
These valves are closed throughout both isovolumic phases.
What are all four cardiac valves?
This sound marks the onset of diastole.
What is S2?
This measurement is taken at maximum ventricular dimension.
What is end-diastole?
Increasing this variable while resistance remains constant will proportionally increase velocity.
What is the pressure gradient?
This phase represents the pause between passive filling and atrial contraction.
What is diastasis?
This valve opens when ventricular pressure exceeds great vessel pressure.
What is the aortic valve?
This sound occurs during rapid ventricular filling.
What is S3?
This variable is calculated as EDV minus ESV.
What is stroke volume?
This physiologic principle explains why particles always move from high to low pressure.
What is equilibrium?
This phase contains the greatest single volume of blood entering the ventricle.
What is rapid filling?
During this period, AV valves are closed and semilunar valves are open.
What is ventricular systole (ejection phase)?
This sound is produced by blood motion rather than valve closure.
What is S3?
This chamber is at maximum volume at the moment of end-systole.
What is the left atrium?
Explain how ventricular contraction transforms stored energy into forward blood movement.
What is ventricular contraction creates pressure gradients that convert potential energy into kinetic energy, accelerating blood forward?
Identify the phase in which ventricular pressure is falling, volume is constant, and all valves are closed.
What is isovolumic relaxation?
Explain why AV valve closure must occur before any semilunar valve can open.
What is AV valves must close to allow ventricular pressure to rise high enough to overcome great vessel pressure before semilunar valves can open?
Explain which phase generates S3 and why it may be inaudible in many adults.
What is rapid filling generates S3 due to rapid ventricular inflow, and it is often inaudible in adults because of decreased ventricular compliance?
Describe ventricular size, wall thickness, valve position, and chamber pressures at true end-systole.
What is small ventricular chamber, thick ventricular walls, semilunar valves closed, AV valves closed, low ventricular volume, and atria at maximum volume?