We evolved from Monkeys
No more interbreeding
JH
Say no to math
Short Answers
100
The two prerequisites necessary for evolution to occur.
What are genetic variation and environmental pressures?
100
In less than 50 words, differentiate between macroevolution and microevolution.
Microevolution is the change over time in allele frequencies in a population, while macroevolution is the broad pattern of evolution above the species level.
100
.1 * .01
.001
100
Five conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
What is 1. Random mating 2. No mutations 3. Large population 4. No genetic drift/gene flow 5. No natural selection
100
Why doesn't evolution create the perfect organism? (50 words max)
Selection can only act on existing variations, evolution is limited by historical constraints, adaptions are often compromises
200
This is one way evolution could be viewed in the lab. Either come up with an experiment in which you could directly observe evolution or explain why this is not possible.
What is antibiotic resistance in bacteria? (others may be acceptable)
200
Regions that are highly subdivided by barriers typically have more species than do otherwise similar regions that lack such features. Explain this phenomenon. Less than 50 words.
Allopatric speciation
200
1 - 0.1 =
What is 0.9
200
In a population of giraffes, the gene that determines spot size has two alleles, S for larger spots and s for smaller spots. Giraffes with one of each allele have medium-sized spots. In one generation, the frequency of S is p=0.4 and the frequency of s is q=0.6. Since spots help the giraffes blend in with their surroundings, they are acted upon by natural selection. In the next generation, 64% of giraffes have small spots. What percentage of giraffes in the second generation will have medium spots? Large spots?
q^2 is 64% or 0.64. From this we find that the frequency of s in the second generation is q=0.8. Using the original equation, we plug in this value of q and solve for p, which we find is 0.2. The frequency of giraffes with large spots is p^2 = 0.04 or 4%. The frequency of giraffes with medium spots is 2pq = 0.32 or 32%.
200
The human appendix is a vestigial structure. 1. Explain what a vestigial structure is (15 words max) 2. How would Lamarck explain the appendix becoming a vestigial structure? (15 words max) 3. How would Darwin explain the appendix becoming a vestigial structure? (20 words max)
1. Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestor 2. Humans stopped using their appendix 3. Selective pressure - there had to have been a benefit/cost for the use/disuse of the appendix
300
It is this specifically that evolves.
What are populations?
300
Is allopatric speciation more likely to occur on an island close to a mainland or on an more isolated island of the same size? Explain your prediction
Allopatric speciation would be less likely to occur on a nearby island than on an isolated island of the same size. The reason we expect his result is that continued gene flow between mainland populations and those on a nearby island reduces that chance that enough genetic divergence will take place for allopatric speciation to occur.
300
During this process, the cell absorbs molecules by engulfing them.
What is endocytosis (or phagocytosis)?
300
Suppose that, out of a sample population of 650 rabbits, researchers find 39 rabbits that express a recessive allele s for short ears. Assuming there are only two alleles for ear length in the population, how many rabbits are homozygous for long ears (SS) and how many are heterozygous (Ss) if the population is in H-W equilibrium?
What is Since there are 39 rabbits with the ss genotype, the frequency for q^2 = 39/650 = 0.06 and q = 0.24 Since p = 1 - q = freq of S for long ears, p = 1 - 0.24 = 0.76 and p^2 = (0.76)^2 = 0.58 Since the frequency p^2 of the SS homozygote is 0.58, the number of homozygous long-eared rabbits is (0.58)(650) = 377 The frequency of the heterozygote is given by 2pq = 2(0.76)(0.24) = 0.36 and the number of heterozygous Ss rabbits is (0.36)(650) = 234
300
Why is it important to complete the full course of a prescribed antibiotic, even after the physical symptoms of a bacterial infection have passed?
The early stages will kill off the weakest of the bacteria. If you stop taking the antibiotics shortly after you start, you leave the bacteria with some sort of resistance left to reproduce and recolonize, which promotes the presence of alleles that contribute to resistance.
400
The presence of a double membrane on chloroplasts and mitochondria is often cited as a key piece of evidence in support of the endosymbiotic theory. Explain why. (50 words)
See Kyle's pretty drawing on board
400
Both the Bottleneck effect as well as the Founder effect deal with populations drastically decreasing in size. What is the major difference between these two? (Hint: causes) 30 words max
Bottleneck: population dwindles down to small number (ex = hunting) Founder: small population ends up in a new area
400
These are the three germ layers that arise during gastrulation.
What are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm?
400
In a given plant population, the gene that determines height has two alleles, H and h. In one generation, H has a frequency of p=0.8 and h has a frequency of q=0.2. in the next generation, p=0.7 and q=0.3. Is this population in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium? Why or why not?
This population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium because the allelic frequencies of H and h change from one generation to the next.
400
Would you expect more genetic variation in a population that reproduces sexually or asexually? Explain. (20 words max)
Sexually, because of independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization
500
Define natural selection (20 words max).
The process in which individuals with beneficial characteristics produce more offspring than others because of those characteristics.
500
What is the relative fitness of a mule?
Zero, because fitness includes reproductive contribution to the next generation and a sterile mules cannot produce offspring.
500
This is the name of the cell that is formed by the fusion of a sperm and an egg.
What is a zygote?
500
If 51% of the population carries at least one copy of the recessive allele, What is the predicted frequency of individuals in the population that express the dominant phenotype? What is the predicted frequency of individuals in the population that express the recessive phenotype?
See sheet
500
Why would adaptive radiation likely be the result of a mass extinction?
After a mass extinction, there are a wide range of ecological niches that are unpopulated, as well as a decreased number of predators. As a result, species are able to adapt and survive in a number of different environments without as much competition.
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