Case Studies
Echo shows RV enlargement, D-sign, and severe TR in a patient with chronic lung disease.
What is Pulmonary Hypertension?
Normal TAPSE is generally greater than this value.
What is 17 mm?
Moderate AS by Mean PG
What is 20-40 mmHg
PHTN by PAP
What is >20 mmHg?
Most cardiac metastases originate from this organ.
What is the Lung?
A patient presents with sudden dyspnea and tachycardia. Echo demonstrates McConnell's sign.
What is Pulmonary Embolism?
This measurement estimates RV systolic function using tissue Doppler at the lateral tricuspid annulus.
What is S' Velocity?
Mild AS by Peak Velocity.
What is 2.6-2.9 m/s?
PHTN by PVR
What is >3?
This differentiates a Pap fibroelastoma from a Vegetation
What is the downstream side of the valve?
A patient has concentric LVH, LA enlargement, and Grade II diastolic dysfunction.
What is Hypertensive Heart Disease?
This finding helps differentiate constrictive pericarditis from advanced diastolic dysfunction.
What is Respiratory Variation in Mitral Inflow?
Severe MS by Mean PG
What is >9 mmHg?
Acute PE produces this type of RV overload.
What is Pressure Overload?
A mobile foreign body in the right heart warrants immediate consultation with this specialty.
What is Cardiothoracic Surgery?
A patient with severe pulmonary hypertension demonstrates septal flattening throughout systole and diastole.
What is Combined RV Pressure and Volume Overload?
In severe PE, inspiration causes this change in mitral inflow velocity.
What is a Decrease in Mitral E-wave Velocity?
What is >1.5 cm2?
This chamber is often the first to enlarge from chronic elevated filling pressures.
What is the Left Atrium?
The D-dimer is a breakdown product of this protein
What is Fibrin?
A patient presents with acute hypotension, RV dilation, McConnell's sign, and a dilated IVC without collapse.
What is a Massive Pulmonary Embolism?
This physiologic mechanism explains exaggerated respiratory inflow variation in PE and constriction.
What is Ventricular Interdependence?
What is 3 ways to determine MV area?
What is Continuity, PHT, and DT?
Normal RV S' should exceed this value.
What is 9.5 cm/sec?
Finger clubbing is also known by this term.
What is Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy?