Down Syndrome Debunked Jeopardy Template

100

Down syndrome people have an extra copy of chromosome 21

False

Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of chromosome 21. Also called Trisomy 21, this extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, causing both mental and physical challenges in their life.

CDC. “Facts about Down Syndrome | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Apr. 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html.

100

There are 3 types of down syndrome

True

These 3 types of Down syndrome are Trisomy 21 (each cell in the body has 3 separate copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual 2 copies), Translocation Down syndrome(an extra part or a whole extra chromosome 21 is present, but it is attached to a different chromosome rather than being a separate chromosome 21) and Mosaic Down syndrome (combination of the previous 2).

CDC. “Facts about Down Syndrome | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Apr. 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html.

100

The incidence of Down syndrome increases with maternal age

True

Women who are 35 years or older when they become pregnant are more likely to have a pregnancy affected by Down syndrome than women who become pregnant at a younger age.

CDC. “Facts about Down Syndrome | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Apr. 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html.

100

Down syndrome cannot be detected during pregnancy

False

2 types of tests are available to detect Down syndrome during pregnancy: screening tests and diagnostic tests. However, neither can predict the full impact of Down syndrome on a baby.

CDC. “Facts about Down Syndrome | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Apr. 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html.

100

Down syndrome was first described by an English physician in 1866

True

Down syndrome was first described by an English physician John Langdon Down in 1866, but its association with chromosome 21 was established almost 100 years later by Dr. Jerome Lejeune in Paris.

Akhtar F, Bokhari SRA. Down Syndrome. [Updated 2020 Aug 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526016/

200

Common physical features of Down syndrome include a flattened face, almond-shaped eyes that slant up and a

True

Other common physical features are poor muscle tone or loose joints and Shorter in height as children and adults are also found in people with DS.

200

The incidence of CHD in babies born with Down syndrome is up to 70%

False

The incidence of CHD in babies born with Down syndrome is up to 50%. The most common cardiac defect associated with Down syndrome is an atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), and this defect makes up to 40% of the congenital cardiac defects in Down syndrome.

200

People with Down syndrome have an IQ mostly ranging from 30 to 70

True

People with DS may have significant cognitive impairments and typically have an intelligence quotient (IQ) ranging from 30 to 70, although IQs both above and below this range occur.

Hamburg, S., Lowe, B., Startin, C.M. et al. Assessing general cognitive and adaptive abilities in adults with Down syndrome: a systematic review. J Neurodevelop Disord 11, 20 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-019-9279-8

200

Down Syndrome is usually caused by an error in cell division named "nondisjunction"

True

The majority of numerical chromosomal aberrations, such as Down syndrome, result from a nondisjunction error in meiosis. A daughter cell that has received a pair of a specific parental chromosome will result in a proband trisomy.

Kazemi, M., Salehi, M., & Kheirollahi, M. (2016). Down Syndrome: Current Status, Challenges and Future Perspectives. International journal of molecular and cellular medicine, 5(3), 125–133.

200

Down Syndrome is a rare disorder

False

Down syndrome is a common genetic condition found in Indonesia. Data from the Down Syndrome Association of Indonesia, stated that almost 300,000 cases of Down syndrome in the country.

Ariani Y., Soeharso, P., Sjarif, DR . 2017. Genetics and Genomic Medicine in Indonesia. Molecular Genetics & Genomic MedicineVolume 5, Issue 2 p. 103-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.284

300

Down Syndrome is hereditary and runs in families

False

Most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited. When the condition is caused by trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells in a parent.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2020, November 23). Down Syndrome. MedlinePlus. Date Accessed: May 6th 2021. https://medlineplus.gov/downsyndrome.html.

300

World Down Syndrome Day celebrated every March 21st

True

Funfact. The date refers to Trisomy 21. March itself stands for trisomy--an extra copy of a chromosome--and 21 stands for the chromosome number with extra copies.

300

There is no medications therapy to overcome people with Down Syndrome

True

There is no cure for Down’s syndrome; however, early interventions can improve functional outcomes. They may include speech, physical, occupational, and/or educational therapy. With support and treatment, many people with Down syndrome live happy, productive lives.

300

People with Down syndrome cannot live independently and will will need a lifetime of supervision

False

The median life expectancy for an individual with Down’s syndrome is 58 years. This increasing life expectancy is attributed to improved infant survival. Many individuals with Down’s syndrome go on to further education and employment. Furthermore, increasing numbers are able to live independently and maintain relationships of their own.

MacLennan, S. 2019. Down’s Syndrome. SAGE Journals, Volume: 13 issue: 1, page(s): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/1755738019886612

300

Babies born with Down syndrome can also be diagnosed with autism.

True

It should be noted that these are two different conditions. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of children with Down syndrome who are being diagnosed as having autism or autistic spectrum disorder. These children are then referred to as having a 'dual diagnosis' i.e. two co-existing conditions. There is no objective test for autism such as a blood test or a brain scan at the present time. The diagnosis is made on the basis of having a particular pattern of development and behaviors.

Theresa M. Versaci, Laura J. Mattie and Laura J. Imming. 2021. Down Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder Dual Diagnosis: Important Considerations for Speech-Language Pathologists. American Journal of Speech-Language PathologyClinical Focus27 Jan 2021. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00050

400

DS patients have greatly increased risk of early onset AD

True

There are various genes reported to cause early onset AD. Some of the genes are APP (amyloid precursor protein), BACE2 (beta secretase 2), PICALM (Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein) and APOE(Apolipoprotein E) etc. APP is an integral membrane protein which is concentrated in synapse of neurons and trisomy of this protein is likely to make significant contribution to the increased frequency of dementia in DS individuals.

Asim, A., Kumar, A., Muthuswamy, S. et al. 2015. “Down syndrome: an insight of the disease”. J Biomed Sci 22, 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-015-0138-y

400

Ultrasound during pregnancy may serve as a form of screening test for Down Syndrome

True

Screening tests often include a combination of a blood test, which measures the amount of various substances in the mother’s blood (e.g., MS-AFP, Triple Screen, Quad-screen), and an ultrasound, which creates a picture of the baby. During an ultrasound, one of the things the technician looks at is the fluid behind the baby’s neck.

CDC. “Facts about Down Syndrome | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Apr. 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html.

400

Down syndrome is one of the most common severe congenital anomalies

True

The most common, severe congenital anomalies are heart defects, neural tube defects and Down syndrome.

Who.int. 2021. Congenital anomalies. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/congenital-anomalies> [Accessed 9 May 2021].

400

Advanced maternal age decreases the risk of developing down syndrome

False

Advanced maternal age increases the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, including Down syndrome.

Who.int. 2021. Congenital anomalies. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/congenital-anomalies> [Accessed 9 May 2021].

400

Quality of life of people with down syndrome cannot be improved by medical intervention

False

The quality of life of people with Down syndrome can be improved by meeting their health care needs, including regular check-ups with health professionals to monitor mental and physical condition and to provide timely intervention.

Nations, U., 2021. World Down Syndrome Day | United Nations. [online] United Nations. Available at: <https://www.un.org/en/observances/down-syndrome-day> [Accessed 9 May 2021].