Beta Oxidation
What type of fatty acid contains double bonds?
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
What is the primary difference in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the alpha-keto-glutarate dehydrogenase complex?
The same chemistry takes place in both, but the alpha-keto-glutarate complex does not contain regulatory kinase and phosphatase enzymes.
What enzyme is activated by APO C-II?
Lipoprotein Lipase
Name an enzyme that breaks down cholesterol molecules.
Trick Question! We don't break down cholesterol
What is a possible deficient enzyme in SCID, or Severe Combined Immunodeficiency?
Adeosine Deaminase
True or False?
Fatty acids can contribute to the creation of glucose.
(Bonus: explain your answer)
True
While the vast majority of fatty acids (even chain) do NOT contribute to glucose production, the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids can be converted to succinyl-CoA, which can then enter the TCA cycle to increase the net bodily glucose.
The activity of PDH kinase is decreased by allosteric binding of what molecule?
What is the effect of this enzymatic inhibition?
Pyruvate
PDH Kinase inactivates the PDH Complex, therefore the effect of this is that the PDH Complex becomes more active, and more acetyl CoA is made.
Name the two essential fatty acids.
Bonus: Why are they essential? Be specific.
Linoleic Acid and Linolenic Acid
Bonus: They are essential because human desaturases cannot introduce double bonds between the Omega carbon and the seventh carbon from the Omega end. Both of these fatty acids require these double bonds.
Bile acids are conjugated to one of two molecules to form bile salts.
Name them both.
Glycine and Taurine
What is the treatment for a patient exhibiting orotic aciduria?
Administration of uridine
What enzyme is responsible for the degradation of triglycerides and is activated by cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase?
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase
How many oxidative decarboxylations take place in the TCA cycle reactions?
Bonus: name the enzymes that do them.
2
Isocitrate dehydrogenase and Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Of these molecules listed, which would be the most cholesterol rich (Highest CE:TAG Ratio)?
VLDL
LDL
Nascent Chylomicron
LDL
Inhibition of HMG CoA reductase can cause a depletion in what molecule necessary to the electron transport chain?
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)
What is 5-flurouracil used for?
The treatment of many cancers including those of the gastrointestinal tract and breast.
Each cycle of B-Oxidation yields what 4 products?
(100 points for each named)
1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 acetyl CoA
1 Fatty Acyl CoA (with two less carbons than before)
What is the molecule found in the TCA cycle that is the main supplier of aspartic acid in cells?
Bonus: Why is aspartic acid important to have?
Oxaloacetate
Bonus: It has functions in urea synthesis, purine synthesis, and pyrimidine synthesis, among other things.
What is a foam cell?
A macrophage that has engulfed excess oxidized lipoproteins
What disease is characterized by the presence of tuberoeruptive xanthomas?
Familial Hyperchylomicronemia
Name a drug that is used as an immunosuppressant to prevent graft and transplant rejection?
Mycophenolic acid
What is the significant end product of Omega-Oxidation, AND what do increased levels of this product signify?
Dicarboxylic Acids
It can signify a disruption in B-oxidation
The regulation of the TCA cycle activity is primarily controlled by the methods of redox control and availability of certain substrates.
Give me the two molecules of which there is a ratio for the redox control.
AND Give me the substrates whose concentrations help to determine the cycle's activity.
Redox control: NAD+/NADH Ratio
Substrate concentration control:
Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA
What is the rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis?
I want the reactant, product, and enzyme.
Acetyl CoA --> Malonyl CoA
Via Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (+Biotin)
What protein is responsible for loading apo B-48 into nascent chylomicrons? It is also needed for VLDL assembly.
(Will accept just the acronym, but bonus points for the whole name.)
MTP
Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is caused by an excessive production of uric acid and is characterized by self-mutilating tendencies and involuntary movements.
What is the deficient enzyme in this condition?
HGPRT
Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase