The Basics
Passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring
What is HEREDITY?
Leads to identical offspring
What is asexual reproduction?
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity located on a section of chromosome of DNA
What is a GENE?
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
What is GENOTYPE
Changes or alterations to the sequence of a gene/DNA
What is a mutation?
Double stranded nucleic acid that stores an organism's entire genetic material also known as deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is DNA?
Causes genetic variation in sexual reproduction
An organism's traits are controlled by the different forms of genes, or ________ it inherits from its parents.
What are ALLELES
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
What is PHENOTYPE
The effect of mutations
Can alter proteins made from DNA code which changes the way the traits are expressed
Not all are negative, some have no effect (neutral) or make a change that is beneficial
A characteristic of an organism; can be genetic or acquired
What is a trait?
Occurs when beneficial traits help an organism survive and/or reproduce
What is natural selection?
Allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present
What is a DOMINANT ALLELE
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ___________
What is HOMOZYGOUS
Caused by sexual reproduction and/or mutations
What is genetic variation?
A single, highly organized and structured piece of DNA
What is a chromosome?
Traits passed on to offspring due to human selection
What is artifical selection?
Allele whose trait is always hidden whenever the allele is present
What is a RECESSIVE ALLELE
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is said to be ______________
What is HETEROZYGOUS
A positive, neutral, or beneficial effect of mutations.
Negative: Sickle Cell
Neutral: Eye or hair color
Beneficial: HIV resistance, Color Vision
A tool or model that can help you understand how the laws of probability apply to genetics
What is a Punnett Square?
A trait that increases over generations.
What is adaptive or beneficial?
Brown hair (B) is dominant to blonde hair (b). How many offspring would you expect to have brown hair in a cross between homozygous dominant parent and homozygous recessive parent?
What is 4/4 OR 100%?
When one allele is expressed over another allele
What is Complete Dominance?
Mutagens and Errors in Replication