Routes and Metabolism
This route of administration has the fastest onset of psychoactive action.
What is inhalational administration?
Nicotine primarily produces its effects through action on this receptor system.
What are acetylcholine receptors?
Medications like Xanax and Valium are best suited for treating this condition.
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
Combining two depressants like alcohol and benzodiazepines leads to amplified effects due to this type of interaction
What is a pharmacodynamic interaction?
This schedule of drugs, according to the DEA, includes substances with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.
What is Schedule I?
During biotransformation, these enzymes in the liver break down drugs into metabolites.
What are cytochrome P450 enzymes?
A drug that facilitates the action of a neurotransmitter.
What is an agonist?
Mood stabilizers like lithium are used to regulate these two symptoms of bipolar disorder.
What are mania and depression?
Cannabis use during adolescence is linked to a greater risk of developing this mental health disorder later in life.
What is schizophrenia?
The reward pathway in the brain, often implicated in addiction, involves this neurotransmitter and these key brain areas.
What are dopamine, the nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area?
A drug with high lipid solubility undergoes this process faster than a drug with low lipid solubility.
What is absorption?
Depression is linked to imbalances in these neurotransmitters targeted by antidepressants.
What are dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine?
First-generation antipsychotics are associated with these problematic side effects.
What are movement disorders like akathisia and tardive dyskinesia?
The most dangerous side effect of opioid use.
What is respiratory depression?
This term refers to the unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that occur when an individual stops taking a drug.
What is dependence?
The time it takes for 50% of a drug to be eliminated from the body is referred to as this.
What is half-life?
ADHD stimulant medications target these neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex.
What are dopamine and norepinephrine?
Psychedelics differ from psychostimulants because they cause these.
What are hallucinations?
This type of tolerance occurs when receptor numbers in the neural membrane change due to prolonged drug use.
What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?
The placebo effect occurs because of this psychological phenomenon, where patients experience real changes due to their expectations.
What is expectancy?
A drug's distribution across the body is influenced by its ability to bind to these molecules in the bloodstream.
What are plasma proteins?
This neurotransmitter, critical for learning and memory, is also affected by Alzheimer's disease.
What is acetylcholine?
These drugs block serotonin reuptake and are commonly prescribed for depression.
What are SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)?
This phenomenon occurs when one drug reduces the effects of another by increasing its metabolism.
What is metabolic tolerance (or enzyme induction)?
Chronic use of alcohol can cause this neurological disorder characterized by confusion, memory loss, and lack of coordination due to thiamine deficiency.
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?