Name it
Along with environmental and economic, this is the third commonly cited dimension of sustainability
What is social?
This key concept is considered to be a sustained increase in the standard of living and well-being of a society.
Development
This theory argues that states act primarily to survive in an anarchic international system and emphasizes power politics
Realism (core assumptions: states are primary actors, system is anarchic, states seek power/survival).
This measures (1) life expectancy (health) and (2) education (mean/expected years of schooling). It also includes GNI per capita (income)
What is HDI? (Human Development Index)
Bretton Woods institution created to fund postwar reconstruction; now lends for development projects.
What is the World Bank?
The syllabus defines poverty as a lack of resources and a lack of these.
What are opportunities?
This list includes: Political, Economic, Institutional, Environmental and Social
What are five types of factors which can influence a nation's development?
This theoretical approach to development poses that societies progress through stages of development, moving from traditional to modern stages. It emphasizes factors such as industrialization, urbanization, technological advancement, and cultural change as essential for development.
Rostow's Modernization theory
A country can score highly on this if its citizens report high life satisfaction and have relatively long life expectancy while keeping a small ecological footprint — indicating efficient, sustainable well‑being even without high income levels (e.g., some smaller or less industrialized countries)
What is the Happy Planet Index?
This IGO's loans historically came with structural adjustment conditions such as austerity.
What is the IMF?
17 UN goals adopted in 2015 with a 2030 deadline.
What are the SDGs? (Sustainable Development Goals)
UN agency that publishes the Human Development Report and the HDI.
What is the United Nations Development Program? UNDP
This theoretical perspective advocates for free market policies, limited government intervention, trade liberalization, and privatization.
Neoliberalism
This is one example of an index or measurable phenomenon you would use to compare states’ development in the Modernization vs Dependency debate.
What is GDP per capita? (alternative acceptable answers: Human Development Index, GNI per capita, trade balance, export composition)
IGO that sets global trade rules and settles trade disputes between members.
What is the WTO?
Poverty measured against the typical living standards of one's own society, not a fixed survival line.
What is relative poverty?
A foreign company building a factory in another country is an example of this.
What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?
This theory argues poorer countries remain dependent on richer 'core' states through exploitative processes and recommends import substitution. (You need its name AND its location-basis)
What is Dependency Theory/Latin American Model?
Measures overlapping household deprivations in health, education and living standards.
What is the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)?
The eight goals the SDGs replaced, running 2000–2015.
Millennium Development Goals
Amartya Sen argued development should be judged by the expansion of these, not income alone.
What are capabilities?
These are policy packages (austerity, liberalization, privatization, deregulation) required by lenders to access loans; associated with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
What are Structural Adjustment Programs?
Amartya Sen's theory of development as a state of freedoms enjoyed by individuals.
Capability Theory
This assesses the extent to which civic space (freedom of association, peaceful assembly, and expression) is open, narrowed, obstructed, repressed, or closed; an example producing "closed" would be systematic criminalization of NGOs, mass arrests of protesters, and censorship of independent media.
What is CIVICUS? (Civicus Civic Space Rating)
1990s policy package of liberalization, privatization and deregulation promoted by DC-based institutions.
What is the Washington Consensus?
On this index, 0 means perfect equality of income distribution.
What is the Gini index (coefficient)?
The paradox that resource-rich states often see weaker growth and governance.
What is the resource curse?
The core-periphery model of this theory explains the relationship between highly industrialized nations (core) and less industrialized or resource-based nations (periphery), demonstrating how global economic systems contribute to disparities in development.
World Systems Theory
This measure of development understands the statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation’s residents
Gini Coefficient
Name a UN Fund or Program that has successfully addressed a contemporary development challenge.
Varied