Evelynn Hammonds
This African American astronomer and almanac author challenged Thomas Jefferson in a 1971 letter to uphold the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.
A: Who is Benjamin Banneker
This term refers to the broader view of youth that sees them as active participants and leaders in their communities.
What is civic engagement?
This large school district is the central setting for Professor Hochschild’s chapter on race, class, and urban education politics.
What is Los Angeles Unified School District? (LAUSD)
This hip hop mogul shocked many by topping the gospel music charts for over 90 weeks with his album Donda, despite its unconventional religious content.
Who is Kanye West?
Before writing this book, Dr. Irvin Scott served as Academic Superintendent for all of the high schools in this major U.S. city.
What is Boston?
In his Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson claimed that Black people lacked this kind of ability.
What is intelligence (or reasoning)?
According to Ginwright, this kind of injustice includes psychological and emotional harm, not just physical or economic harm
What is spiritual injury?
Despite expectations, Hochschild argues this issue—not race or class—is the true driver behind the conflict over charter schools.
What is money?
The period from 1993 to 2013 in gospel music, marked by commercialization and crossover success, is known by this name.
What is the Platinum Age of Gospel?
Scott felt motivated by this U.S. president’s historic inauguration, which reminded him that leadership roles were possible for people of color.
Who is Barack Obama?
This Ohio State University athlete broke three world records and tied a fourth in a single afternoon in 1935.
Who is Jesse Owens?
Professor Ginwright describes these as the harmful conditions — like violence, poverty, and underfunded schools — that Black youth in cities must navigate daily.
What are urban social toxins?
This group is portrayed as the most powerful political player in California education and a key opponent of charter expansion.
What is United Teachers Los Angeles?
What is Los Angeles teachers union?
This racially diverse choir, often associated with Elevation Worship, climbed the gospel charts with the album Old Church Basement—despite sounding more like Christian pop than traditional gospel.
Who is Maverick City Music?
When asked what he’d do first as superintendent, Dr. Scott emphasized this key leadership habit, showing humility and respect for community voices.
What is listening?
Despite claims of racial superiority in athletics, Cobb emphasized that this was the main reason Black athletes succeeded.
What is improved training, motivation, and access—not race?
This man, active in the 1960s and 70s, was inspired by the Black Panther Party and grassroots organizing, showing how community involvement once helped cultivate Black youth leadership.
Who is Roland?
This term describes LAUSD’s challenge: students are free to leave for other options, but the district’s boundaries and expenses remain.
What are Open Borders?
In the Platinum Age, this was the minimum number of copies an album had to sell to earn a platinum certification from the RIAA.
What is 1 million?
Dr. Scott organized a graduation ceremony in this historic Boston landmark, honoring students who overcame enormous odds to earn their diplomas.
What is Faneuil Hall?
What body part did Cobb study to show that Jesse Owens didn’t have a special advantage?
What is his heel (or foot)?
Ginwright uses this term to describe youth organizing that focuses on healing and well-being while fighting for justice.
What is healing-centered activism?
community - centers
This war-like phrase is used to describe the long, bitter, and seemingly endless conflict between LAUSD and charter advocates.
What is the Hundred Years’ War over schools?
This economic system, along with its cultural cousin commercialism, heavily influenced the gospel industry during the Platinum Age—shaping everything from sound to fashion.
What is Capitalism?
To reach students who had already dropped out of school, Scott helped launch this program that met them where they were—outside the classroom.
What is the Reengagement Center?