Krebs, glycolysis, and ETC
How much ATP is produced at each step of cellular respiration??
Glycolysis- 4 (net 2)
krebs (citric acid)- net 2
ETC- ~32ish
secondary structure?
Alpha helix
beta pleated sheet
What is the purpose of transcription
DNA code transcribed onto RNA (first step in making a protein)
What is? Who involved?
Info on mRNA>protein
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acids
Depending on the location of the receptor on the target cell and the chemical structure of the hormone, for example, whether or not it is lipid-soluble, hormones can mediate changes directly by binding to______________ and modulating gene expression (transcription and translation), or indirectly by binding to cell surface receptors and simulating signaling pathways.
intracellular hormone receptors
What is the final electron accepter in ETC
oxygen
Quaternary structure?
Many polypeptide chains coming together (single polypeptide chains referred to as subunits)
The site on the DNA from which the first RNA nucleotide is transcribed is called the________
+1 site or the initiation site
Can mRNA be translated multiple times?
Yes, BUT it has a short lifespan of being viable (usually around a few hours)
The hormone that initiated the signaling pathway is called a ________
First messenger
What is the first electron donor in ETC
Either NADH in animals or FADH2 in plants
Tertiary structure?
-happens b/c of R groups in proteins
ex: disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions (clumps of PURE PROTEIN)
Which direction does transcription occur in?
5’ to 3’
also acceptable… “that way” (no pointing necessary)
The ribosome provides a set of handy slots where tRNAs can find their matching codons on the mRNA template and deliver their amino acids. These slots are called the __, ___, and ___ sites. Not only that, but the ribosome also acts as an enzyme, catalyzing the chemical reaction that links amino acids together to make a chain.
IN ORDER!!!!!
A, P, E
Additionally, the number of receptors that respond to a hormone can change over time, resulting in increased or decreased cell sensitivity. In up-regulation, the number of receptors _____ in response to rising hormone levels, making the cell ____ sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity. When the number of receptors ________ in response to rising hormone levels, called down-regulation, cellular activity is _______
Increases, more, decreases, reduced
As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to pump H+ ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes a(n)___________
Electrochemical gradient
Did you forget your protein shake?
(come up with the response for double points, no points lost on this question)
No whey!
Many eukaryotic promoters have a sequence called a _____. The ________ plays a role much like that of the -10 element in bacteria. It's recognized by one of the general transcription factors, allowing other transcription factors and eventually RNA polymerase to bind. It also contains lots of As and Ts, which make it easy to pull the strands of DNA apart.
TATA box
also acceptable…
TATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATATA
There are three codons (other than AUG) that do not specify amino acids. These are ______ (UAA, UAG, and UGA)
Stop codons
When a hormone is not bound to the receptor, the ________ is inactive and is bound to guanosine diphosphate, or GDP. When a hormone binds to the receptor, the ________ is activated by binding guanosine triphosphate, or GTP, in place of GDP. After binding, GTP is hydrolysed by the ______ into GDP and becomes inactive.
G-protein
What do the H+ ions do in ETC
As H+ ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.
What are the two kinds of feedback and what do they do? Gimme examples
Positive feedback- product speeds up reaction
Ex: oxytocin in mammalian labor (other examples are fine so long as they’re right)
Negative feedback- product slows down reaction
Ex: blood clotting
In eukaryotes like humans, the main RNA polymerase in your cells does not attach directly to promoters like bacterial RNA polymerase. Instead, helper proteins called ________________ bind to the promoter first, helping the RNA polymerase in your cells get a foothold on the DNA.
Basal (general) transcription factors
There are _____ codons for amino acids, and each of them is "read" to specify a certain amino acid out of the ______ commonly found in proteins
61, 20
_______ catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
Adenylyl cyclase