ANATOMY/PHYSIOLOGY
Within the Islets of Langherans, where are the alpha, beta, and delta cells located?
Periphery, Central, Interspersed.
Hallmark histopathological finding demonstrating nodular glomerulosclerosis, seen in diabetic neuropathy.
What are Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules?
Name of the enzyme responsible for osmotic damage, resulting in diabetic neuropathy and cataracts.
What is aldose reductase?
This disease is characterised by anti-GAD antibodies and is associated with a higher risk of ketoacidosis and risk of progression to insulin dependence than T2DM.
What is LADA (latent autoimmune diabetes in adulthood)?
The onset of this drug is 6 minutes earlier, its peak is 7 minutes earlier, and it works 50% harder during the first 30 minutes compared to traditional aspart. *Name the drug!*
What is FiASP (faster acting insulin aspart)?
Epsilon cells of the pancreas (<1% of Islet cell mass) make this orexigenic hormone.
The two types of histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLA subtypes) associated with Type 1 DM.
What are HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR3?
The type of acid-base disturbance that occurs in the presence of increased ketogenesis, ketonemia, and ketonuria.
What is an anion gap metabolic acidosis?
This genetic disorder (Ireland has the highest birth rate!) can cause diabetes through thickened secretions, which can scar the pancreas.
What is cystic fibrosis?
Drugs in this class are responsible for an approximately 0.6% A1C drop when included in a diabetic patient management plan.
What are SGLT2 inhibitors?
Embryologically speaking, I form the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas (but not the uncinate process).
What is the dorsal pancreatic bud?
A histological description of islets in Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves deposits of...
What is islet leukocytic infiltrate?
A histological description of islets in Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves deposits of...
What are Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (IAPP) deposits?
This form of diabetes is specifically associated with disease of the exocrine pancreas, where sufferers are prone to chronic pancreatitis.
What is Type 3c diabetes or pancreatogenic diabetes?
The main side effect of drugs in this class includes flatulence.
What are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
In 10% of patients suffering from pancreas divisum, these ducts fail to fuse (name the ducts). *2 possible correct answers, 200 for each correctly named duct.*
What are the ducts of Santorini and Wirsung?
These are 5 autoimmune diseases that are often associated with Type 1 diabetes. *5 diseases, 80 points/correct answer*
What are autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD), coeliac disease (CD), autoimmune gastritis (AIG), pernicious anemia (PA) and vitiligo?
On labs, hyperketotic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is characterised by a serum osmolality of... *numerical value*
What is >320 mOsm/kg?
A microdeletion in which chromosome causes a syndrome characterised by elfin facial features, supravalvular aortic stenosis, developmental delay, and insulin resistance.
What is chromosome 7 (responsible for Williams syndrome)?
What is the name of the CGM (continuous glucose monitor) that measures interstitial fluid glucose levels?
What are the Freestyle Libre, DexCom G6, or Medtronic Enlite?
I am a hormone that promostes glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, lipolysis, and ketone production.
What is glucagon?
A mutation in this gene is associated with a syndrome that features pancreatic endocrine tumors, pituitary tumors, and parathyroid adenomas.
What is menin (implicated in pathogenesis of MEN1 or Wermer's syndrome)?
Drugs in this class have a mechanism of action that relates to beta and omega oxidation of fatty acids, to help increase tissue sensibility to insulin action (especially in muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver).
What are PPAR-y agonists or thiazolidinediones?
A rare autosomal recessive (AR) disorder characterised by severe insulin resistance, acanthosis nigricans, and abnormalities of the head, face, and nails.
What is Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome?
The names of the Canadian physician and medical student responsible for the discovery of insulin in 1921 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. *2 names, 250 points/name*
Who are Dr. Frederick Banting and Charles H. Best?