Currents
The uninterrupted unidirectional flow of electrons.
What is a Direct Current?
The point at which electrical potential between two poles is equal.
What is the Baseline?
These directly respond to current and include nerves, muscle fibers fibers, and cell membranes/
What are Excitable Tissues?
This application technique involves the use of electrodes having equal size.
What is the Bipolar Technique?
TENS stands for:
What is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation?
The flow of electrons interrupted by discrete periods of noncurrent flow.
What is a Pulsed Current?
The maximum distance that the pulse rises above or below the baseline.
What is Amplitude (intensity)?
In this type of circuit electrical current flows through multiple pathways.
What is a Parallel Circuit?
This application technique is the simultaneous application of two bipolar circuits.
What is Quadripolar Technique?
E-stim applied at a sensory level for pain control works using what pain modulation theory?
What is Gate Control Theory?
The uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons.
What is an Alternating Current?
The number of cycles per second of an alternating current; measured in Hz.
What is Frequency?
Like charges repel and unlike (opposite) charges attract.
What is Coulomb’s law?
Increasing the distance between electrodes has this effect.
What is increase the depth of stimulation?
When setting up iontophoresis, a black lead is connected to the medicated pad and a red lead is connected to the dispersive pad when the medication has what polarity?
What is negative (-) polarity?
A unidirectional pulsed current. EX: Hi-Volt.
What is a Monophasic Current?
The horizontal distance to complete one full waveform.
What is Pulse Duration?
Electrons take the path of least resistance moving from the negative pole, known as [blank], to the positive pole, known as [blank].
What is cathode to anode?
The two types of electrodes used in the monopolar technique:
What are active and dispersive electrodes?
When using e-stim for neuromuscular education, such as Russian stim, a stronger contraction can be achieved using a lower intensity if electrodes are place on these areas of sensitivity.
What are Motor Points?
A pulsed current possessing two phases, each of which occurs on opposite sides of the baseline. EX: TENS.
What is a Biphasic Current?
A property of alternating currents; the distance from the wave peak on the positive side of the baseline to the peak on the negative side of the baseline.
What is peak-to-peak amplitude?
Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. I = V/R
What is Ohm's Law?
Visible Muscle contraction is characteristic of this level of stimulation:
What is Motor-Level?
The depolarization thresholds of e-stim application follow this sequential, cumulative pattern:
What is Subsensory → Sensory → Motor → Noxious → Muscle fiber.