chemical bonding 1
An electrostatic force of attraction holding atoms together
What is a chemical bond
An electrostatic force of attraction holding oppositely charged ions
What is ionic or electrovalent bonding
An electrostatic force of attraction between positive ions and a sea of valence electrons
What is metallic bonding
Formed when an electron or electrons are lost by an atom
What is a cation?
Formed by a gain of electrons
What is an anion?
This is where there is the highest probability of finding an electron in an atom
What is an orbital?
It is spherical in shape
What is the shape of an s orbital?
It has a double dumb bell shape
What is a d-orbital?
This is shown by electron density maps for molecules
What is evidence of electron sharing?
It is the region of high electron density between two nuclei
What is electron cloud?
The electrostatic attraction between the positive atomic nuclei and the localised shared pair of electrons
What is a covalent bond?
Formed by head-on overlap of orbitals
What is a sigma bond?
The atom is sp hybridized and results in 180° bond angles.
What is linear geometry?
Here, the bonding is described as a mixture of several bonding configurations and not by a single pair of atomic orbitals.
What is resonance?
Formed by side-to-side overlap of orbitals
What is a pi bond?
It explains the shape and geometry of molecules
What is VSEPR Theory?
Refers to the arrangement of the atoms (not electron pairs) in a molecule, which is determined by the positions of bonding atoms only, while ignoring lone pairs.
What is Molecular geometry?
It is the mixing of pure atomic orbitals to form degenerate orbitals
What is hybridization?
For it to form, one of the bonded atoms must have an empty orbital while the other should have available lone pair of electrons
What is a dative bond?
Refers to the arrangement of all electron groups (bonding and lone pairs) around the central atom.
What is electron pair geometry?
According to this theory, electrons in a molecule are not localized between individual atoms but are instead spread out over the entire molecule
What is molecular orbital theory?
Bent shape
What is the shape of a water or sulphur dioxide molecule?
Electrons must have opposite spin and of similar energy
What is a condition for hybridization?
One of many orbitals of the same energy
What is a degenerate orbital?
Forms 4 bonds of equal energy
What is sp3 hybridization?