Early History
This American city established the first publicly funded, professional full-time police service in 1838
Boston
This Amendment restricts a police officer's actions in regards to making arrests.
4th Amendment
This theory is often associated with a critique of our capitalist economic system and states that those in power make the laws?
Conflict Theory
This is the Supreme law of the land and all other laws must comply with these basic provisions?
Constitutional Law
This Latin term refers to "criminal intent" and means "guilty mind."
Mens Rea
This historical figure suggests one-man patrols and rotating beat assignments in order to fight police corruption
O.W. Wilson
A city prohibits the possession of handguns within the city limits. Which amendment would most likely be cited when this action in challenged in court?
2nd Amendment
Theory based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from non-criminals?
Biological Theroy
These are written laws enacted by the legislative branches of the state and federal governments.
Statutory Laws
This term refers to the "physical act" of committing a crime and is Latin for "guilty act."
Actus Reus
Early Colonial policing relied on this type of volunteers, as well as watch groups, constables, and sheriffs
Citizen volunteers
An accused person is denied the right to have his/her attorney present at a pretrial hearing. Which amendment would most likely be cited when this action is challenged in court?
6th Amendment
(rights during criminal trial-speedy trial, aware of criminal charges, confront witnesses)
Belief of a major contradiction between cultural goals and social structure. Argues that the limited availability of legitimate institutionalized means to wealth puts a strain on people?
Strain Theory
Part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes. Could be judge-made law or considered "case law."
Common Law
Classifications of Crimes under State Offenses include infractions, misdemeanors, and "these" serious crimes.
Felonies
This era in policing from 1840-1920 focused on a unified police force in major American cities and the elimination of the "spoils" system (police were powerful, corrupt, poorly trained, abusive). Crime prevention should be the main focus with foot patrols being the most effective.
Political Era
A man is interrogated for twenty straight hours before confessing to a crime. Which amendment would most likely be cited when this action is challenged in court?
5th Amendment (self-incrimination)
Theory that says people's relationships, commitment, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law?
Social Control Theory
The body of law that regulates the operation and procedures of government agencies.
Administrative Law
To be a crime, an act must cause "this" to some legally protected value?
Harm
This era in policing from the 1920's-1970's was highlighted by August Vollmer's six essential elements (stay out of politics, members well-trained, laws equally enforced, use technology, promotion based on merit, and crime fighting)
Professional Era
The first 10 Amendments to the US Constitution are called this?
Bill of Rights
This theory brought about the idea that the best way to prevent or deter crime was to enact laws, educate the public, eliminate corruption from the administration of justice, and reward virtue?
Classical Theory
This type of law specifies the method whereby substantive law id enforced.
Procedural Law (most comes from the Bill of Rights)
"This" must precede or coexist with the criminal act, or in some way activate the act?
Criminal intent