Cells, Genomes, and Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and this make up over 90% of the atoms in the human body.
What is nitrogen?
An amino acid is comprised of an Amine, a Carboxyl group, and this attached to the alpha-carbon
What is an R- Group?
Meaning "to bind", this word describes a molecule that binds to a protein to cause cellular signaling
What is a ligand?
Contains 40+ polypeptides that are part of 5 snRNPs
What is a spliceosome?
An existing gene can have random changes in its DNA sequence through errors that occur during DNA replication and repair.
What is intragenic mutation?
Amino acids are almost always connected in the trans confirmation due to this physical limitation
What is steric hinderance?
Association rate = dissociation rate
What is equilibrium?
Small DNA Fragments produced during Replication on the lagging strand
What is Okazaki Fragments?
Spontaneous constant movement among molecules that create random collisions, which the cell can use in some of its function.
What is Brownian motion?
This common protein assembly, like those found in keratin or collagen, is characterized by long, narrow strands and typically used for maintaining structural elements in a cell.
What is fibrous protein?
Breaks down nucleic acids by hydrolyzing bonds between nucleotides
What are nucleases?
Genes found within a species that are similar due to a gene duplication event in an ancestral organism.
What are paralogs?
The removal of electrons from an atom, like with the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen.
What is oxidation?
Amino acid chains shorter than 50 Amino acids are referred to as this.
What is a peptide?
A non-protein compound that is required for enzymes to function
What are coenzymes?
This often-messy protein model shows the R-groups of the amino acids. It is particularly useful for determining potential non-covalent interactions between the AAs.
What is the Wire Model?
A separate intracellular fragment of bacterial DNA that is infected into the host cell but persists in the host for multiple cell generations without being very harmful.
What is a plasmid?
Diseases such as Kuru, Mad Cow, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by protein aggregates formed due to prions, a viral form of these.
What are Misfolded Proteins?
When the allosteric site is bound, the active site becomes less favorable to binding the substrate and the product returns to inhibit the same molecule
What is negative feedback?
It was first recognized by red pigment loss in Drosophila's eyes
What is the Position effect variegation?