Feudalism, Manors, and Towns
What is feudalism?
Land exchanged for military service, creating hierarchy.
What was excommunication?
Church punishment cutting off a person from salvation.
Who called for the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II.
How did monasteries preserve knowledge?
Copied ancient texts, taught scholars, maintained libraries.
Who was Joan of Arc?
A French peasant girl who led troops to victory and became a martyr.
Who were serfs?
Peasants tied to land, working for protection.
Roles of popes and kings?
Popes led the church; kings governed territories.
Why did people join the Crusades? (name 2 things)
Religious devotion, land, wealth, adventure.
What was heresy, and how was it punished?
Beliefs against church teachings; often punished by trial and execution.
What was the Reconquista?
The effort to drive Muslims out of Spain.
What was the manor system?
Self-sufficient economic unit with lords, serfs, and farmland.
What was the Great Schism?
1054 split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church.
Who were Richard I and Saladin?
English and Muslim leaders in the Third Crusade.
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
A movement to enforce Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.
How did the Black Death affect Europe?
Killed millions, disrupted feudal society, led to economic change.
How did town growth weaken feudalism?
Serfs left manors, shifting economic power to towns.
Why did Pope Leo IX excommunicate the bishop of Constantinople?
The bishop refused papal authority.
What happened in the Fourth Crusade?
Crusaders attacked Constantinople instead of Muslims.
Why were universities important in medieval Europe?
They advanced knowledge in philosophy, theology, and law.
What were the effects of the Magna Carta?
Limited royal power, established legal principles like due process.
Purpose of the Domesday Book?
Record of land and taxes in England.
Why did Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV clash?
Dispute over appointing bishops.
Positive effects of the Crusades?
Increased trade, cultural exchange, spread of knowledge.
How did the church influence law and government?
Church doctrines shaped legal systems and political decisions.
What was the impact of the Enlightenment on medieval beliefs?
Challenged traditional authority, emphasized reason and individual rights.