Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 15
Cumulative
200
Which personality characteristics are linked with health and wellness?
Optimism, Self-efficacy, personal Control, conscientiousness, Type A/Type B/Type D Behavior Pattern.
200
What is the self-serving bias?
The tendency to take credit for one’s successes and to deny responsibility for one’s failures.
200
What are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive: Added symptoms → Hallucinations and delusions, Thought disorders, and disorders of movement.
Negative: Symptoms taken away because of this disorder → Flat affect
200
What are the two theories of color vision? Explain each one.
The Trichromatic theory: By Young and Helmholtz, states that color perception is produced by three types. Of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths. (Green, Blue, Red). Color-blindness (One or more cone types are inoperative)
Opponent-process theory: States that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and limited by blue. Acts like a seesaw.
400
What are the big 5 traits of personality? What is the acronym for them?
Five broad traits are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
OCEAN
Openness: Imaginative or practical, Variety or routine, independent or conforming
Conscientiousness: organized or disorganized, careful or careless. impulsive us disciplined
Extraversion: sociable or retiring, fun-loving or somber, Energetic or reserved
Agreeableness: Softhearted or ruthless, trusting or suspicious, Helpful or uncooperative
Neuroticism: calm or anxious, secure or insecure, self-satisfied or self-pitying
400
What is the Bystander Effect? How can we solve this?
The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone.
How to Solve:
Notice the event, Understand that it is an emergency, Take responsibility for aiding the victim, Know how to help, and help.
Bystander intervention: the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation when alone a person reacted to an emergency almost 75% of the time with another bystander present. It dropped to 50%.
400
Explain Depressive Disorder vs Bipolar disorder
Depressive Disorder: psychological disorder in which the individual suffers from depression-an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life. (common)
Bipolar Disorder: a psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania-an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
Bipolar I disorders: extreme manic episodes, hallucinations, seeing things
Bipolar II disorder: milder version, less extreme level of Euphoria. increase in metabolic activity in the brain during mania (mood and emotion)
400
Explain how an action potential works using this vocabulary: Neurons, axons, dendrites, neurotransmitters, synapses.
While the neuron does a lot for the body, it undergoes the process called an action potential, which is a guaranteed action in which impulses of ions are sent out, positively firing off as they go down the axon of the neuron. In a more specific sense, as the positively charged ions are impulsing down the axon, sodium gates open and close allowing for sodium ions to leave the neuron and potassium to enter inside. Represented on a graph, this would be an upswing of 40 plus mV, which is called Depolarization. The mix of these ions causes the neuron’s electrical difference, with both different ions going in and out of the axon. Represented on a graph, this process would be the downswing on a graph to less than -70 mV which this process is called Repolarization.
600
Compare Freud’s psychodynamic perspective and Rogers’ humanistic perspective.
Freud’s Psychodynamic Perspective: Theoretical view emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness). Understanding that personality involves exploring the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind. Early childhood experiences sculpt the individual personality.
Roger’s Humanistic Perspective: Overall humanistic perspective → Theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. Abraham Maslow: Self-actualization. Carl Rodgers: unconditional positive regard refers to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of the person's behavior.
600
Describe the self-fulfilling prophecy. What occurs in social interactions due to this?
Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that expectations are realized.
Social interactions: Self-fulfilling prophecy shows the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.
600
What are the 4 anxiety disorders? Briefly explain each one.
Generalized anxiety disorder: An anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety. They may suffer from fatigue, muscle tension, stomach problems, and difficulty sleeping.
Panic disorder: An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. Causes severe palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling, chest pains, and helplessness. Panic disorder shares biological characteristics with asthma, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Specific phobia: An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation. Classical conditioning, observational learning.
Social anxiety disorder: An anxiety disorder in which the individual has an irrational/intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations.
600
What are the 3 stages of prenatal development? Describe each one.
- Germinal period: 1-2 weeks. Conception, fertilization, zygote
- Embryonic period: 3-8 weeks. Differentiation of tissue, origin formation
- The fetal period: 2-9 months. Development of functionality