Punishment
Differential Reinforcement Procedures
Functional Analysis
Measurement and Design
Treatment II Material
100
Chastity is put in time-out daily for being disruptive in class. While she's in time-out, she continues to make faces at her classmates. What type of TO is being used? Suggest a better treatment.
-Non-exclusionary TO -Various options: Exclusionary TO, response cost, etc.- Main idea= Ensure that the reinforcers for problem behavior (social sr+) are not available!
100
DRC or FCT is an example of which type of differential reinforcement procedure?
DRA
100
What was the overarching point made by the Iwata et al. (1982/1994) paper?
SIB is operant (i.e., its behavior that is controlled by its consequences).
100
We discussed a study in which response cost versus Ritalin were compared in terms of their ability to promote on-task behavior. State the IV/DV in this study.
-IV= treatment (response cost vs Ritalin) -DV= duration of on-task Bx
100
Define a "rule."
Verbal statement of a three-term contingency.
200
Name three variables that can influence the effectiveness of punishment.
Immediacy, contingency, habituation, motivating operations, intensity, etc.
200
In some of our smoking studies, participants receive financial incentives for providing objective verification of smoking abstinence (e.g., exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels < or = 4 ppm). What type of differential reinforcement procedure is this?
DRO
200
Lynn has high rates of spitting (her problem behavior) in all conditions of her FA but indirect reports and direct observation suggest that her behavior is neither multiple controlled nor does it have an automatic function. What's the third explanation for high results across all conditions?
Lynn cannot discriminate which condition is in effect.
200
Give an example of an experiment or research question in which using a reversal design would be inappropriate (i.e., would prohibit a demonstration of experimental control).
-Anything involving skill acquisition (e.g., different methods to teach reading a bike), language learning, etc.
200
Give an example of a behavioral deficiency and state the cause.
-e.g., not seeing a doctor about chest pain -immediate small punisher for behavior versus major but highly improbably punisher if behavior does not occur -Other causes= immediate small punishers for a behavior vs reinforcers that are cumulatively significant, immediate small punisher for a behavior vs delayed major punisher if the behavior does not occur
300
Abe shoots the family dog with a squirt gun when he barks at the vacuum. When he does this, the dog hides for the rest of the day, but barks at the vacuum the following day. What is maintaining Abe's behavior? Is the squirt gun an effective punisher? Explain your answer.
-Negative reinforcement -No, behavior does not decrease (in the long term)
300
Jennifer scratches her little sister periodically when she wants to play with her sister's toys. Her parents tell the little sister to share her toys when Jennifer only when Jennifer hugs her, and to walk away when Jennifer scratches (i.e., do not give up a toy contingent on scratching). What variant of the DRA procedures is Jennifer's sister being taught to implement? (Be more specific than DRA).
DRI
300
Name the conditions of an FA and the category of reinforcement that each condition suggests.
Attention (social positive), Demand (social negative), Alone (automatic), and Play (control condition)
300
State the three different kinds of multiple baseline designs that you can have.
MBL across subjects, settings, and behaviors.
300
Name two parts of a self-control program.
1. Specify problem and set goals 2. Make a commitment to change (e.g., make it public, write down advantages to making behavior change) 3. Conduct assessment of when, where, etc. Bx occurs 4. Design and implement a program (e.g., managing antecedents, instructions, managing consequences, etc.) 5. Prevent relapse and make gains last.
400
Claire screams lines and lyrics from Disney movies at inappropriate places. Each time she does this, her parents reprimand her. If Claire's problem behavior increases BECAUSE her parents reprimand her, this is an example of ___________. If Claire's problem behavior decreases BECAUSE her parents reprimand her, this is an example of ____________.
-Positive reinforcement -Positive punishment
400
Janine was taking smoke breaks several times per hour at the restaurant she works at and it was decreasing her productivity. Her manager agrees that some breaks are okay, but doesn't want them to diminish Janine's productivity. Recommend a DR procedure that the manager should implement.
DRL- Only gets to take a break if she's been smoke-free and working for the past hour. If she tries to sneak out, tell her no and reset the interval.
400
Joslyn punches and kicks other kids on a regular basis. Direct observation strongly suggests that her aggression has a social positive function. How would you test the hypothesis that her aggression is maintained by social positive reinforcement? How would you know whether your hypothesis was supported by the data?
-Technically, you COULD describe all four FA conditions- social positive would be indicated by high rates of problem behavior in the attention condition....But alone condition is unnecessary.... -Acceptable= Reversal design with only attention and play.
400
How do we demonstrate experimental control (functional relationships) in a MBL design? That is, because there is no reversal in this design, what do we do to decrease the chances that some variable other than the IV is causing a change in behavior?
Stagger the implementation of the IV across subjects, settings, or behaviors.
400
Carolyn fell off the beam during her gymnastics meet and is now terrified at all of her meets. Explain how you might use ACT to treat this nervous gymnast.
-Teach mindfulness skills (observe anxious thoughts passively as they arise) -Teach acceptance (welcome anxious thoughts- do not judge or react to them) -Encourage her to engage in her commitments (she has to continue competing, but the focus is now on competing alongside anxious thoughts and recognizing that they are just thoughts, not variables that will necessarily impede her performance).
500
Define punishment and explain how laypeople commonly misunderstand and misuse the term.
-Punishment= A consequence is delivered contingent on behavior (in the present), and behavior decreases (in the future) because of that consequence. -Laypeople neglect the fact that to constitute punishment, the consequence must decrease behavior. Instead, they refer to administering aversive stimuli as punishment, irrespective of effects on behavior.
500
Differentiate FI schedules from DRL schedules.
In FI schedules, the first response after some interval has elapsed is reinforced, but the interval does not reset if subjects respond during it (which they do). In DRL schedules, the first response after some interval has elapsed is reinforced ONLY IF the subject has gone the entire interval without responding- Responding during the interval--> it is reset.
500
Children with food refusal behavior tantrum and bat away their spoon at mealtime. The consequence is that they get to skip the meal. What function seems to be suggested here? What might a good treatment be to reduce food refusal?
-Escape function (social negative) -Escape extinction ("non-removal of the spoon", or in older days, forced feeding)
500
True or False: In rare cases, AB designs can convincingly demonstrate functional relationships. If true, give an example. If false, explain why not.
-False -There's no reversal, and therefore it will always be unclear whether the change in the DV was due to the IV.
500
Name the three possible behavioral roles of negative self talk.
Distorted self-statements might function as... -CS's (e.g., they elicit CER of anxiety, anger, etc.) -Rules (that occasion avoidance behavior)- e.g., "I'm awkward on dates"= a rule that's followed by turning down dates -Mands for social reinforcement
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