Chemistry basics
The mass of a 16O atom is less than the sum of the masses of 8 protons and 8 neutrons because of this.
What is binding energy
This person first classified the elements according to their geochemical behavior.
Who is V.M. Goldschmidt?
This is the first fusion reaction that happens in stars.
What is hydrogen burning?
This is the most massive component of the Earth's internal structure.
What is the mantle?
If I have a two component system (A and B) and the mole fraction of A is 0.5, this is the mole fraction of B.
What is 0.5?
Oxygen has this many valence electrons.
What is six?
Helium is classified as this type of element.
What is an atmophile?
This is the heaviest element that can be produced by fusion in stars.
What is Iron?
This is the second most abundant element in the Earth's core.
What is Nickel (Ni)?
This type of free energy indicates the amount of energy available for the system to do “useful work” (i.e., process initiating work) at constant P and T.
What is Gibb's free energy?
This element has the highest electronegativity or electron affinity.
What is fluorine?
There are this many major elements in the silicate Earth.
What is six (will also accept seven)?
A neutron rich isotope produced during the s-process or r-process is likely to undergo this type of radioactive decay.
What is beta-minus decay?
This short-lived radionuclide system has been used to estimate when the Earth's core formed.
What is Tungsten-Halfnium (W-Hf)?
This equation can be used to determine the slope of a phase boundary on a phase diagram.
What is the Clapeyron equation?
The ability to form hydrogen bonds is a key property of this molecule.
What is water, or H2O?
Atomic radius changes in this way as one moves from top to bottom in a group within the periodic table.
What is increases?
These kinds of nuclides can be used to infer that a supernova triggered the formation of our Solar System, and to get relative dates for objects that formed early in our Solar System's history.
What are short-live radionuclides, or SLRs?
Collisional erosion is a hypothesis that explains the higher-than-chondritic abundance of this group of elements.
What are refractory lithophile elements?
If I have a system with four components and five phases, there are this many degrees of freedom.
What is one?
These are the atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) of 41K.
What are 19 and 41?
Unlike the rest of the rare earth elements (REEs), these two elements are unlikely to have a +3 valence state.
What are Cerium (2+) and Europium (4+)?
This mineral was likely the very first thing to condense to a solid in our Solar System.
What is corundum (Al2O3)?
The solidus is shifted and intersects the geotherm in subduction zone settings because of the presence of this.
What is water?
This law can be used as an approximation when the mole fraction of a component in a solution approaches 1.
What is Raoult's Law?