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Freezing point
temperature at which a liquid transitions into a solid state under atmospheric pressure
element
pure substance. It cannot be broken down into other types of substances.
inorganic
compounds not containing carbon
molecule
group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds
protein
biopolymeric structures composed of amino acids
specific heat
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius (°C).
capillary action
movement of a liquid through or along another material against an opposing force, such as gravity
monomer
individual network of atoms or molecules that are chemically united together to form a polymer
surface tension
property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
polymer
large molecules composed of similar smaller molecules, called monomers, in a chain-like link
cohesion
state of cohering or sticking together of alike entities
dehydration synthesis
chemical reaction that involves the combining of reacting molecules to make a large molecule, following the loss of water
adhesion
Tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
nucleic acid
naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells
reactants
substances which participate in a chemical reaction
peptide bond
covalent bond that links amino acids together to form peptides, polypeptides, and proteins
hydrolysis
chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water
organic
carbon-containing compounds that are the basis for all living organisms
atom
smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically
enzyme
biological catalyst and is almost always a protein
carbohydrate
products
outcome of a biological process
lipid
various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. (Fats/oils)
macromolecules
four major types of large biological molecules: carbohydrates (such as sugars), lipids (such as fats), proteins, and nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA)
catalyst
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction