Early Portuguese Colonization & "Discovery"
What was the dominant language that the indigenous people spoke before Portuguese colonization?
Tupi-Guarani
What became the primary crop in colonial Brazil, grown mostly in the northeast, following the brazilwood cycle?
Sugarcane (cana-de-açúcar)
What were the communities of runaway slaves that formed in Brazil during the colonial period called?
Quilombos
What were the hereditary land grants given to wealthy nobles in colonial Brazil between 1534 and 1536 called?
Captaincies
What was the name of the first city founded by the Portuguese in colonial Brazil, established in 1532?
São Vicente
What is the name of the Portuguese ship that was used by Vasco da Gama and Pedro Alvares Cabral to travel across the seas?
The Caravel
What valuable tree, named for the Portuguese word for "ember" due to its red dye, was a primary export of colonial Brazil in the 16th century?
Pau Brasil or brazilwood
What was the name of the largest and most famous quilombo, located in the state of Alagoas?
Quilombo dos Palmares
According to the sources, what was one reason why most of the captaincies in colonial Brazil failed?
Lack of resources (money, people, tools, techniques)
What group of explorers and adventurers, originating mainly from the São Paulo region, played a significant role in expanding Brazil's territory westward?
The Bandeirantes
What Brazilian city was the location of Pedro Álvares Cabral's "discovery" of Brazil?
Porto Seguro
In addition to gold, what other precious mineral did Brazil start producing by the 1720s, contributing to Portugal's wealth?
Diamonds
What was the name of the brutal voyage that transported captured Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas?
The Middle Passage
In what year did Portugal implement the general government in Brazil, replacing the captaincy system with a centralized authority?
In 1548, the Portuguese implemented the general government in Brazil.
What religious order, established in 1540 and with close ties to the Catholic Counter-Reformation, was brought to Brazil in 1549 and played a role in establishing settlements, educating, and converting indigenous peoples?
Society of Jesuits or just Jesuits
What was the name of the Portuguese Prince who is credited with promoting navigation and cartography, encouraging maritime exploration?
Prince Henry the Navigator
Which Brazilian Captaincies were the only two to be economically profitable due to their high production of sugarcane?
Pernambuco and São Vicente
The existence of quilombos served as a symbol of resistance against what system in Brazil?
The brutal system of Slavery
What political union between the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal lasted from 1580 to 1640, placing Portugal under Spanish rule?
The Iberian Union
While initially focused on capturing and enslaving indigenous peoples, the Bandeirantes later turned to searching for what valuable resources? (Name two)
Gold, silver, and diamonds
What was the name of the centuries-long series of wars that eventually ended in 1492 with the expulsion of Muslim people from the Iberian Peninsula?
The Reconquista
What was the term for the entire production unit for processing sugarcane, including cultivation and processing facilities?
An Engenho
According to the sources, what was ONE reason Europeans preferred African slaves over Native Americans for labor in the Americas?
1. Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some immunity
2. Many Africans had experience in farming.
3. Less likely to run away due to lack of knowledge about how to survive in the forests.
Which Dutch leader was sent to rule Dutch Brazil starting in 1637 and implemented policies such as religious tolerance and urban improvement in Recife?
Maurício de Nassau
Which famous Bandeirante is noted for repressing indigenous nations and leading the conquest of the Quilombo dos Palmares?
Domingos Jorge Velho