Council of Nicaea
What heresy did the Council of Nicaea condemn?
Arianism
What heresy did this council address in addition to Arianism?
Macedonianism
Who was condemned at the Council of Ephesus?
Nestorius
Which emperor convened this council?
Marcian
What was Arianism’s main error?
Claimed the Son was created and not divine
What term did the Nicene Creed use to describe the Son’s equality with the Father?
Homoousios or Consubstantial
Who convened the Council of Constantinople?
Emperor Theodosius I
What title for Mary did the council affirm?
Theotokos – Mother of God
What heresy did Chalcedon condemn?
Monophysitism
What was the central idea of Gnosticism?
Salvation through secret knowledge, rejecting material creation
Who convened the Council of Nicaea?
Emperor Constantine
How did the council clarify the divinity of the Holy Spirit?
Declared the Spirit “adored and glorified” with Father and Son
Which city hosted the council?
Ephesus
What did the council teach about Christ’s two natures?
Fully God and fully man, without confusion or division
Who founded Manichaeism?
Mani
What key document emerged from this council?
The Nicene Creed
What creed came from this council?
Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed
Who was the chief defender of orthodoxy?
Cyril of Alexandria
What earlier council did Chalcedon reaffirm?
Ephesus 431
What did Pelagianism deny about salvation?
The necessity of divine grace
Why was Arianism dangerous to Christian belief?
It denied Christ’s full divinity
What lasting significance did this council have for Trinitarian theology?
It defined the Spirit as a divine Person
What heresy did this council reject?
Nestorianism – teaching that Christ was two persons
What famous statement summarizes Chalcedon’s doctrine?
One and the same Son… in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division, without separation
What issue did Iconoclasm concern?
The veneration of religious images