PEOPLE
The Scandinavian philosopher who first distinguished between Shallow Ecology and Deep Ecology.
Who is Arne Naess?
The belief that – in principle -- all life has an equal right to live and blossom, that all organisms are equal in intrinsic worth.
What is Biological (or Biospherical) Egalitarianism [or Biocentric Equality?
In 1984 these two deep ecologists met in Death Valley, California, to summarize the main principles of Deep Ecology.
Who are George Sessions and Bill Devall?
Key ecological principle that “enhances the potentialities of survival, the chances of new modes of life, the richness of forms.”
What is [bio]diversity?
The environmental movement focused on pollution and resource depletion
What is Shallow Ecology?
According to Devall and Sessions, the deeper, more spiritual approach to Nature of these two writers inspired Arne Naess to distinguish between shallow and deep ecology.
Who are Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson?
The notion that something has value for its own sake rather than value for being useful to something else.
What is inherent or intrinsic value?
The activist group grounded in Deep Ecology committed to saving “sacred wilderness systems” through acts of ecological sabotage and civil disobedience.
What is Earth First!?
The flourishing of both nonhuman life and human life and culture requires a substantial decrease in this.
What is the human population?
Deep Ecology critiques this perspective that argues that human beings and human interests should be central in resolving environmental problems.
What is anthropocentrism or homocentrism?
Arne Naess argued that the total global human population must be reduced to this number if we are to maintain ecological and human diversity.
What is 100 million?
Organisms, ways of life, and interactions in the biosphere in general, exhibit this ______ at such a high level that one must think in terms of systems to comprehend ecological realities.
What is complexity (vs. complication)?
Desert writer Edward Abbey advocated this form sabotage to defend ecosystems.
What is monkeywrenching (or ecotage)?
Bill Devall and George Sessions argue that these two ultimate norms or intuitions underlie the philosophy of Deep Ecology.
What are Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality.
Earth First! activists see this religious tradition as largely responsible for human dominance in Western society.
What is Christianity?
In 1987, this co-founder of Earth First! published Ecodefense: A Field Guide to Monkeywrenching.
Who is Dave Foreman?
The philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium, containing both norms & values, and scientific views.
What is ecosophy? (eco = ecological; sophy from Sophia, wisdom)
In 2005, the U.S. Federal Government named this the most dangerous form of domestic terrorism in the United States.
What is eco-terrorism?
The form of ethics that argues that all ecosystems and species are intrinsically valuable, apart from their usefulness to human beings.
What is ecocentric ethics?
Rejection of the man-in-environment image in favor of the relational, total-field image.
What is Deep Ecology’s critique of Shallow Ecology.
This author and activist developed "social ecology," asserting ecological problems cannot be clearly understood or resolved without dealing with social problems.
Who is Murray Bookchin?
Reinterpreting the so-called struggle of life and survival of the fittest to a sense of ability to coexist and cooperate in complex relationships
What is Symbiosis?
According to Arne Naess, Deep Ecology was not derived from ecology by logic or deduction, but rather is “suggested, inspired, and fortified by __________ and ______________.
What are “ecological knowledge” and “the life-style of the ecological field worker”?
Rather than trying to increase the human standard of living by accumulating more things, deep ecologists argue the main ideological changes must be ____________.
What is “appreciating life quality (dwelling in situations of inherent value)”?
Ecological consciousness and deep ecology critique this view that “regards humans as isolated and fundamentally separated from the rest of Nature, as superior to, and in charge of, the rest of creation.
What is the dominant worldview of technocratic-industrial societies.