Layers of Earth
The planet's extremely hot, dense, central region, composed of a solid iron-nickel inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
The core
This is molten, or partially melted, rock beneath the Earth's surface.
Magma
_____ rocks form when magma (molten rock) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes on the surface of the Earth or while the melted rock is still inside the crust.
Igneous
On the Mohs mineral hardness scale, what mineral falls under a ten and is the hardest mineral on earth?
Diamond
________ is the movement and interaction of the Earth's plates.
Plate tectonics
This is the mostly solid bulk of Earth’s interior. It lies between Earth’s dense, superheated core and its thin outer layer, the crust.
The mantle
This is a type of volcano that has had a recorded eruption since the last glacial period, about 10,000 years ago.
Active volcano
___________ rocks are formed on or near the Earth’s surface.
Sedimentary
When minerals break, they tend to break a certain way. This is referred to as ______.
Cleavage
This is a massive slab of solid rock made up of Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle). Also called lithospheric plate.
Tectonic Plate
This is the solid, outer part of Earth, extending to a depth of about 100 kilometers (62 miles). It includes both the crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle. It is the is both the coolest and the most rigid of Earth’s layers and is associated with tectonic activity.
The lithosphere
The steepest cones form from these types of volcanos. Formed from ash and magma cinders--partly-burned, solid pieces of magma, that fall to the ground following a volcanic eruption. This type of eruption contains little lava, as the magma hardens and breaks into pieces during the explosion.
Cinder cone volcanoes
Rocks that undergo a change to form a new rock are referred to as ________ rocks.
Metamorphic
When a mineral does not break along a cleavage plane, it is called a _______, usually resulting in uneven surfaces
Fracture
This is the sudden shaking of Earth's crust caused by the release of energy along fault lines or from volcanic activity.
Earthquake!!!
This is the denser, weaker layer beneath the lithospheric mantle. It lies between about 100 kilometers (62 miles) and 410 kilometers (255 miles) beneath Earth’s surface. The temperature and pressure of it are so high that rocks soften and partly melt, becoming semi-molten.
The asthenosphere
These types of volcanoes form when different types of eruptions deposit different materials around the sides of a volcano. Alternating eruptions of volcanic ash and lava cause layers to form. Over time these layers build up. The result is a cone that has a gentler slope than a cinder cone but is steeper than a shield volcano.
Composite cone volcano
Erosion and weathering transform boulders and even mountains into _______, such as sand or mud.
Sediments
A _____ is the color of the powdered mineral that is left behind on an unglazed porcelain plate when scraped along it. The plate has a hardness of 7 on the Moh’s hardness scale, so any mineral with a hardness higher than seven will not leave a _____, such as corundum with a hardness of 9. Instead, it will leave a white powder form where it scratched the plate.
Streak
This refers to rifts in underwater mountain range where new oceanic crust is formed.
Seafloor spreading
The division in the lithosphere between the crust and the mantle is called the Mohorovicic discontinuity, or simply the ______.
Moho
Volcanoes on the ocean floor become _____ when the mountains become so large they rise above the surface of the ocean.
Islands
The _____ cycle refers to the processes that explain the relationship between the three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Any rock type can become any other.
Rock
When dilute hydrochloric acid is applied to the surface of some minerals, the mineral will bubble, or ________.
This reaction is characteristic of minerals containing carbonate (CO 3).
effervesce
The process of one tectonic plate melting, sliding, or falling beneath another.
Subduction